Kinetics of the reaction of yolk cell surface in the loach to puncture and mechanic deformation

Circumferential and radial components of the yolk cell surface movements were measured in the loach embryos at the late blastula stage within 40–50 min after puncture or indentation by an obliquely directed glass rod. The yolk cell surface was preliminarily marked by coal particles. It was shown that even closely located regions of the surface differed markedly in the rate and direction of their movements. In the vicinity of puncture, the yolk cell surface at first contracted in both circumferential and radial directions and then widened, but did not reach the initial values. In more remote areas, this surface continued to contract in the circumferential direction, but was extended in the radial direction. The degree of its contraction along different radii was unequal. The reaction to oblique indentation was anisotropic: the closest area of the yolk cell surface, located along the direction of indentation, contracted in both circumferential and radial directions and formed a fold “leaking” onto the rod, while the opposite area contracted in the circumferential direction, but extended in the radial direction. A conclusion was drawn that the yolk cell surface is a multivariant mechanosensitive system. Its active responses to mechanical influences obey the same patterns as multicellular embryonic tissues.     

Composition and Distribution of Free Amino Acids in Flatpea (Lathyrus sylvestris L.) as Influenced by Water Deficit and Plant Age

Drought-stressed flatpea (Lathyrus sylvestris L.) plants from8 to 22 weeks old were analysed for nitrogen, soluble proteinand free amino acids. An increase in nitrogen and free aminoacid concentrations and a decrease in soluble protein levelwere observed in roots of plants up to 16 weeks old. The cumulativeconcentration of free amino acids increased with drought stress.Tissue concentrations of 2, 4-diaminobutyric acid (1.6–2.6%of the dry weight) were highest in leaves. Levels increasedsteadily, nearly doubling, in leaves and stems between weeks10 and 16. Levels in drought-stressed leaves were, on average,11.9% higher than those of controls. Estimated concentrationsof a mixture of 4-aminobutyric acid and an unknown amino acidwere highest in stems, increased in this tissue with age andtended to increase in stems and leaves and decrease in rootsin response to water deficit. Levels of the mixture of homoserineand another unidentified amino acid were not influenced by ageor water status of the plants. Root concentrations of asparagine,arginine, glutamine, aspartate, and another prominent, unidentifiedamino acid increased with plant age and reached a peak at thetime of flowering (14 to 18 weeks). Only the concentration ofthe unknown compound was elevated following drought stress.Concentrations of valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine,and methionine also increased during this period and were elevatedin drought-stressed plants. Proline levels increased with plantage and drought stress, but proline accounted for only about10% of the total free amino acids in the drought-stressed plants. Key words: 2, 4-Diaminobutyric acid, drought, flatpea     

Production of the medicinal and prophylactic preparation enterobifidin usingBifidobacterium adolescentis MS-42

Production of Enterobifidin includes the stages of preparation of culture media, reparation of lyophilizedBifidobacterium adolescentis MS-42 culture, preparation of starters, cultivation of bacteria in fermenters, biomass conservation, and its biological control. The preparation contains physiologically active bifidobacterium cells with high activities of growth(μ = 0.7 h⁻¹,g = 1.0 h) and acid formation (titratable acidity is ∼120–140°T; acetate concentration, 0.50–0.75%; and lactate concentration, 0.33–0.50%). The antagonistic activity of these bacteria towardsEscherichia coli 08,E. coli 086,E. coli 015,E. coli 0115, andE. coli 0101 amounts to 98.2; toProteus vulgaris 102, to 87.2; andStaphylococcus aureus 209p, to 83.2%. The bifidobacteria (with a titer of ∼10⁹ CFU/ml) remained viable for two to five months.     

CTLA4 Autoimmunity-Associated Genotype Contributes to Severe Pulmonary Tuberculosis in an African Population

The gene of Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte-associated Antigen 4 (CTLA4), a negative regulator of T lymphocytes, contains a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at position +6230A->G (ct60A->G), which has been found associated with several autoimmune diseases and appears to reduce T-cell inhibitory activity. In Ghana, West Africa, we compared the frequencies of CTLA4 +6230 A/G and 6 haplotype-tagging SNPs in 2010 smear-positive, HIV-negative patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and 2346 controls matched for age, gender and ethnicity. We found no difference in allele frequencies between cases and controls. However, +6230A and a distinct CTLA4 haplotype and a diplotype comprising the +6230A allele were significantly less frequent among cases with large opacities in chest radiographs compared to those with small ones (P_{corrected [cor]} = 0.002, P_cor = 0.00045, P = 0.0005, respectively). This finding suggests that an increased T-cell activity associated with the CTLA4 +6230G allele contributes to pathology rather than to protection in pulmonary TB.     

Glycosylation of the phosphate binding protein, PstS, in Streptomyces coelicolor by a pathway that resembles protein O-mannosylation in eukaryotes

Previously mutations in a putative protein O -mannosyltransferase (SCO3154, Pmt) and a polyprenol phosphate mannose synthase (SCO1423, Ppm1) were found to cause resistance to phage, φC31, in the antibiotic producing bacteria Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). It was proposed that these two enzymes were part of a protein O-glycosylation pathway that was necessary for synthesis of the phage receptor. Here we provide the evidence that Pmt and Ppm1 are indeed both required for protein O-glycosylation. The phosphate binding protein PstS was found to be glycosylated with a trihexose in the S. coelicolor parent strain, J1929, but not in the pmt ⁻ derivative, DT1025. Ppm1 was necessary for the transfer of mannose to endogenous polyprenol phosphate in membrane preparations of S. coelicolor . A mutation in ppm1 that conferred an E218V substitution in Ppm1 abolished mannose transfer and glycosylation of PstS. Mass spectrometry analysis of extracted lipids showed the presence of a glycosylated polyprenol phosphate (PP) containing nine repeated isoprenyl units (C₄₅-PP). S. coelicolor membranes were also able to catalyse the transfer of mannose to peptides derived from PstS, indicating that these could be targets for Pmt in vivo .     

The Mechanism of Supercoiled DNA Recognition by Eukaryotic Type I Topoisomerases: II. A Comparison of the Enzyme Interaction with Specific and Nonspecific Oligonucleotides

Data on the interaction of DNA type I topoisomerases from the murine and human placenta cells with specific and nonspecific oligonucleotides of various structures and lengths are summarized. The relative contributions of various contacts between the enzymes and DNA that have previously been detected by X-ray analysis to the total affinity of the topoisomerases for DNA substrates are estimated. Factors that determine the differences in the enzyme interactions with specific and nonspecific single- and double-stranded DNAs are revealed. The results of the X-ray analysis of human DNA topoisomerase I are interpreted taking into account data on the comprehensive thermodynamic and kinetic analysis of the enzyme interaction with the specific and nonspecific DNAs.     

The potential for and constraints on the evolution of compensatory ability in Asclepias syriaca

To investigate the potential for and constraints on the evolution of compensatory ability, we performed a greenhouse experiment using Asclepias syriaca in which foliar damage and soil nutrient concentration were manipulated. Under low nutrient conditions, significant genetic variation was detected for allocation patterns and for compensatory ability. Furthermore, resource allocation to storage was positively, genetically correlated both with compensatory ability and biomass when damaged, the last two being positively, genetically correlated with each other. Thus, in the low nutrient environment, compensatory ability via resource allocation to storage provided greater biomass when damaged. A negative genetic correlation between compensatory ability and plant biomass when undamaged suggests that this mechanism entailed an allocation cost, which would constrain the evolution of greater compensatory ability when nutrients are limited. Under high nutrient conditions, neither compensatory ability nor allocation patterns predicted biomass when damaged, even though genetic variation in compensatory ability existed. Instead, plant biomass when undamaged predicted biomass when damaged. The differences in outcomes between the two nutrient treatments highlight the importance of considering the possible range of environmental conditions that a genotype may experience. Furthermore, traits that conferred compensatory ability did not necessarily contribute to biomass when damaged, demonstrating that it is critical to examine both compensatory ability and biomass when damaged to determine whether selection by herbivores can favor the evolution of increased compensation. Received: 2 April 1999 / Accepted: 21 September 1999