心衰患者动脉血气波浪式变化及其幅度降低的初步实验证据*

目的: 心力衰竭患者呼吸调控异常的机制众说纷纭,特别是动脉血气周期性波浪式变化信号的改变及其与心功能的关系尚缺乏直接的试验证据。本文依据心力衰竭患者动脉血气周期性波浪式变化信号的降低幅度,探讨心力衰竭导致呼吸调控异常的机制。方法: 选择5名心力衰竭患者,连续桡动脉逐搏取血,测定PaO₂,PaCO₂,pHa和SaO₂。选取2个典型呼吸周期,用于分析动脉血气的波浪式变化。比较患者相邻最高和最低值,以验证是否存在周期性波浪式信号变化。此外,将心力衰竭患者与心功能正常患者动脉血气周期性波浪式信号的变化幅度进行统计学t检验分析,比较有无差异。结果: 心力衰竭患者包括2例外科手术和3例ICU住院监护患者,4男1女,年龄(69±7)岁,身高(169±10)cm,体质量(75±19)kg,左心射血分数(LVEF)=(38±3)%。动脉血液充满肝素化细长塑化管需要17±2次心跳,即取血需要17±2次心跳,覆盖超过2个呼吸周期。心力衰竭患者PaO₂,PaCO₂,[H⁺]a和SaO₂均呈现明显的波浪式变化(P<0.05),幅度分别是(7.94±2.02)mmHg,(1.18±0.56)mmHg,(0.54±0.17)nmol/L和(0.21±0.07)%,分别是各自均值的(6.1±1.5)%,(3.2±1.5)%,(1.5±0.5)%和(0.2±0.1)%。与心功能正常患者比较,动脉血气波浪式变化幅度呈现明显降低趋势,但仅PaO₂和[H⁺]a有明显统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论: 采用连续逐搏动脉取血血气分析法证实,心力衰竭患者自主呼吸时动脉血气也有周期性波浪式变化信号,但其变化幅度较心功能正常患者明显降低。     

代谢、血液碱化和纯氧影响呼吸调控的人体实验研究II： 血液碱化后运动试验*

目的: 在完成吸入室内空气状态下症状限制性最大极限心肺运动试验(CPET)和动脉血气指标动态变化规律的基础上,进一步探讨体液酸碱度和CO₂含量对呼吸调控的影响。方法: 选正常志愿者5名,给予5%NaHCO₃(总量0.3 g/kg)分次口服,每5 min口服75 ml(3.75g )。总量服完1 h后,重复CPET。于静息、热身、运动及恢复期,连续测定肺通气指标及每分钟动脉取样的血气指标变化,并与本人在非碱化血液条件下对照数据进行配对t检验比较。结果: 碱化血液之后,CPET期间随着运动功率逐步递增,气体交换和血气指标的反应模式与非碱化血液对照相似（P>0.05）;即与静息状态比较,每分通气量、潮气量、呼吸频率、VO₂、VCO₂均呈现近于线性渐进性递增(P<0.05~0.001)。与碱化血液前吸入室内空气的对照比较：在碱化血液条件下,所有时间点血红蛋白浓度,PaCO₂与pH均显著提高(P<0.05);除无氧阈PaCO₂减低外,只有热身状态呈增高态势,统计学有显著差异(P<0.05);而PaO₂无差异(P>0.05),各状态均较对照状态减低,除恢复期外均有统计学差异(P<0.05)。与非碱化血液对照比较,除静息每分通气量低于对照(P<0.05）外,所有通气指标均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论: 碱化血液条件下, 尽管有更高的CaCO₂, PaCO₂ 和 pHa平均水平及更低的Hba和[H⁺]a平均水平,机体对CPET的呼吸反应模式基本相似。     

人类新基因WDR70的克隆及初步研究

运用基于基因组数据库的特定基因同源新基因的克隆策略得到一个人类新基因WDR70 ,该基因编码一个包含 12个WD4 0结构域的蛋白。WDR70的cDNA序列长 2 2 6 6bp ,预测编码蛋白含 6 30个氨基酸 ,理论分子量为 70× 10 3 u ,染色体定位为 17p13.1。以小鼠胚胎为模型进行整体原位杂交 ,结果显示WDR70基因在 8.5d小鼠胚胎中没有表达 ,而在 9.5d和 10 .5d的小鼠胚胎的脑部有特异表达。由此推断该基因对胚胎期脑部的发育有重要的影响。     

Prevention and control of leishmaniasis vectors: current approaches

Phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) are the suspected or proven vectors of Leishmania spp. in at least 88 countries, including over 40 Phlebotomus species in the Old World and a further 30 belonging to the genus Lutzomyia in the New World. In recent years, both cutaneous (CL) and zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) have become increasingly prevalent in urban areas, including large Latin American cities. A similar trend has been recorded in all Mediterranean areas during the last decade. Based on mathematical models, insecticidal control of sandflies appears to represent a more effective way of reducing Leishmania infantum transmission than the present strategy of culling infected dogs in Latin America as well as being more acceptable to the human population. Since man is a dead-end host of most Leishmania species, treatment of existing human cases generally does not affect transmission. Interruption of the cycle by vector control may offer a cheaper, more practical solution to treatment and improved knowledge of the alternatives available could lead to preventative measures being undertaken in more leishmaniasis foci. In this note a review of current knowledge on sandfly control is presented. Different measures to control phlebotomine sandflies, including residual spraying of dwellings and animal shelters, insecticide treated nets, application of repellents/insecticides to skin or to fabrics and impregnated dog collars are discussed. Although effective in urban areas with high concentrations of sandflies, residual spraying of insecticides is no often longer tenable in most situations. In rural areas where dwellings are more dispersed and surrounded by large, untargeted "reservoir" populations of sandflies, residual spraying of houses may be both impractical for logistic reasons and ineffective. Actually, this control measure depends on the availability of a suitable public health infrastructure, including adequate supplies of insecticide, spraying equipment and trained personnel. Ideally such personnel should be trained in insecticide application, monitoring techniques and interpretation of sampling data, as well as safety techniques. To date reports of resistance refer to one insecticide (DDT) in only three species (Phlebotomus papatasi, P. argentipes and Sergentomyia shorti) in one country (India), although there are reports of increased tolerance to this compound in several countries. Fortunately the insects remain susceptible to all the major insecticidal groups. Impregnated bednets may offer the best solution in rural areas where transmission is largely intradomiciliary. This measure has the advantage that it can be employed at the individual household level and affords collateral benefits such as privacy and control of other biting insects such as mosquitoes, fleas and bedbugs. Sandfly larvae are generally difficult to find in nature so control measures that act specifically against immatures are not feasible, although the effectiveness of a few biological and chemical agents has been demonstrated in laboratory evaluations. In ZVL foci, where dogs are the unique domestic reservoir, a reduction in Leishmania transmission would be expected if we could combine an effective mass treatment of infected dogs with a protection of both healthy and infected dogs from the sandfly bites. Laboratory and field evaluations have shown that impregnated dog collars and topical application of insecticides could protect dogs from most sandfly bites by means of both anti-feeding and killing effect of the pirethorids used.     

Impact of myocardial structure and function postinfarction on diastolic strain measurements: implications for assessment of myocardial viability

Venular control of arteriolar perfusion has been the focus of several investigations in recent years. This study investigated 1) whether endogenous adenosine helps control venule-dependent arteriolar dilation and 2) whether venular leukocyte adherence limits this response via an oxidant-dependent mechanism in which nitric oxide (NO) levels are decreased. Intravital microscopy was used to assess changes in arteriolar diameters and NO levels in rat mesentery. The average resting diameter of arterioles (27.5 +/- 1.0 microm) paired with venules with minimal leukocyte adherence (2.1 +/- 0.3 per 100-microm length) was significantly larger than that of unpaired arterioles (24.5 +/- 0.8 microm) and arterioles (23.3 +/- 1.3 microm) paired with venules with higher leukocyte adherence (9.0 +/- 0.5 per 100-microm length). Local superfusion of adenosine deaminase (ADA) induced significant decreases in diameter and perivascular NO concentration in arterioles closely paired to venules with minimal leukocyte adherence. However, ADA had little effect on arterioles closely paired to venules with high leukocyte adherence or on unpaired arterioles. To determine whether the attenuated response to ADA for the high-adherence group was oxidant dependent, the responses were also observed in arterioles treated with 10(-4) M Tempol. In the high-adherence group, Tempol fully restored NO levels to those of the low-adherence group; however, the ADA-induced constriction remained attenuated, suggesting a possible role for an oxidant-independent vasoconstrictor released from the inflamed venules. These findings suggest that adenosine- and venule-dependent dilation of paired arterioles may be mediated, in part, by NO and inhibited by venular leukocyte adherence.     

花生苗期耐盐性评价及耐盐指标筛选

评价鉴选耐盐品种对于盐碱地花生生产具有重要意义。采用盆栽试验,设置不同盐胁迫浓度,对200个花生品种(系)萌发至幼苗期通过出苗速度、植株形态和生物量等指标进行耐盐性系统评价。结果表明,随盐胁迫浓度的增加,出苗时间延长,植株形态建成抑制加重,物质积累减少。鉴选花生品种耐盐性强弱的适宜盐胁迫浓度为0.30%—0.45%,超过此浓度不能出苗。地上部形态和生物量可作为耐盐评价的首选指标,主根长和出苗速度可作为辅助指标用以判断花生品种的综合耐盐能力。200个品种(系)在不同盐胁迫浓度下均可分成高度耐盐型、耐盐型、盐敏感型和高度盐敏感型4组。耐盐品种数量随盐胁迫强度加大而下降,盐敏感品种数量则上升。0.15%浓度下200个品种全部出苗,4个类型品种数分别占供试材料的29.0%、39.0%、27.5%和4.5%;0.30%浓度下185个品种出苗,4个类型品种数分别占供试材料的5.5%、34.5%、23.5%和29.0%;0.45%浓度下107个品种出苗,4个类型品种数分别占供试材料的5.5%、5.5%、20.0%和22.5%。14个品种在各盐浓度胁迫下均表现耐性,10个品种在各盐浓度胁迫下均表现敏感,为花生耐盐机理研究及生产应用提供了不同类型材料。     

A new species of Viola L. (Violaceae) from South Anatolia

A new species of Viola L., Viola yildirimlii M. Dinç & Y. Bağcı sp. nov. from South Anatolia is described and illustrated. It is found on the rocky slopes of Aladağ National Park, in the county of Adana, south Turkey, at an elevation of 1800 m. It belongs to Viola , subsect. Viola , and is similar to the Turkish endemics Viola isaurica Contandr. & Quézel and V. kizildaghensis M. Dinç & Ş. Yıldırımlı. Diagnostic morphologic characters for a detailed discrimination from two similar taxa and other Turkish Eflagellatae species are discussed.  © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2003, 141 , 477–482.     

中华绒螯蟹蜕壳生长及其与相关基因表达的关联分析

蜕壳是甲壳动物常见的生长发育现象,但对调控蜕壳与生长的内在机制尚缺乏足够了解。本研究在室内条件下,对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)一个蜕壳周期内的个体蜕壳与生长现象进行了连续观察,分析了2个蜕壳相关基因,即蜕皮激素受体基因(Ec R)和维甲类X受体基因(RXR),以及1个生长相关基因肌肉生长抑制素基因(MSTN)的表达及其与生长性状的相关性。结果发现,中华绒螯蟹在蜕壳后会出现一个跳跃式生长期,之后进入了一个缓慢持续上升过程,当营养物质积累到一定程度(肥满度达60%左右时)时启动下一次蜕壳;MSTN基因的表达与壳长(r=﹣0.450,P0.05)、壳宽(r=﹣0.410,P0.05)增长率呈显著负相关,而与肥满度呈显著正相关(r=0.450,P0.05),Ec R和RXR基因的表达与体重、壳长和壳宽的增长率均没有显著相关性;相对来说,MSTN在蜕壳后的表达量越高,则增重率越小;而Ec R和RXR在蜕壳后表达量越高,其增重率越大。本研究结果表明,中华绒螯蟹在蜕壳后其生长具有一定的规律性,肥满度可以作为衡量中华绒螯蟹体内营养积累启动蜕壳的指标,Ec R、RXR及MSTN基因表达与生长表型具有一定的相关性。     

放牧对黄河低阶地盐化草场土壤水盐空间异质性的影响

选定黄河低阶地地形大致相近的放牧草场与封育草场,按实地情况分别设置长770m（放牧）、370m（放牧）和240m（封育）3条样线,采用校正后的便携式WET Sensor以10m为间隔进行土壤水盐的分层（0～10cm,10～20cm）测定,并对其进行地统计学分析.结果表明：黄河低阶地盐化草场表层土壤水盐的变异系数和相关性高于下层,土壤水分的变异系数低于土壤盐分且层间的相关性较高;放牧使土壤水盐之间的相关程度增大,变异降低,且使土壤水分存在一定的冗余.所研究草场的土壤水盐表现为中等或强烈空间自相关,封育盐化草场水盐空间相关尺度的差异较小,而放牧草场则相反.持续放牧已经成为一种稳定影响盐化草场水盐空间分布的结构性因素,使盐化草场的水盐空间异质性减弱.盐生植物在草场内随机分布且不受放牧干扰,是封育盐化草场随机作用较强的最可能原因;而放牧草场内牲畜的啃食和践踏对盐生植物和土壤结构改变所形成的反馈作用大大降低了这些植物对水分特别是盐分的再分配,进而导致放牧草场水盐的含量趋于增大且分布格局趋于简单.