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31.
Population Ecology - A rigorous mathematical model is formulated for describing population growth of the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål, Homoptera), a major rice pest in Asia. The... 相似文献
32.
Victor K. Khor Robert Ahrends Ye Lin Wen-Jun Shen Christopher M. Adams Ann Nomoto Roseman Yuan Cortez Mary N. Teruel Salman Azhar Fredric B. Kraemer 《PloS one》2014,9(8)
Within cells, lipids are stored in the form of lipid droplets (LDs), consisting of a neutral lipid core, surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer and an outer layer of protein. LDs typically accumulate either triacylglycerol (TAG) and diacylglycerol or cholesteryl ester (CE), depending on the type of tissue. Recently, there has been an increased interest in the proteins that surround LDs. LD proteins have been found to be quite diverse, from structural proteins to metabolic enzymes, proteins involved in vesicular transport, and proteins that may play a role in LD formation. Previous proteomics analyses have focused on TAG-enriched LDs, whereas CE-enriched LDs have been largely ignored. Our study has compared the LD proteins from CE-enriched LDs to TAG-enriched LDs in steroidogenic cells. In primary rat granulosa cells loaded with either HDL to produce CE-enriched LDs or fatty acids to produce TAG-enriched LDs, 61 proteins were found to be elevated in CE-enriched LDs and 40 proteins elevated in TAG-enriched LDs with 278 proteins in similar amounts. Protein expression was further validated by selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mass spectrometry (MS). SRM verified expression of 25 of 27 peptides that were previously detected by tandem mass tagging MS. Several proteins were confirmed to be elevated in CE-enriched LDs by SRM including the intermediate filament vimentin. This study is the first to compare the proteins found on CE-enriched LDs with TAG-enriched LDs and constitutes the first step in creating a better understanding of the proteins found on CE-enriched LDs in steroidogenic cells. 相似文献
33.
The incorporation of fatty acids into lipid fractions was studied using a high-speed particulate fraction from germinating peas (Pisum sativum cv Feltham First). The acids were incorporated principally into the acyl-CoA and polar lipid fractions, with unsaturated fatty acids labelling the latter fraction at higher rates than saturated substrates. α-Hydroxylation also occurred. Oleate from oleoyl-CoA or oleoyl-acyl carrier protein was incorporated into polar lipids faster than from ammonium oleate. The incorporation of fatty acids into polar lipids was dependent on the presence of CoA and ATP in the medium and on the consequent generation of acyl-CoA's. Time-course studies and experiments when two fatty acid substrates were added consecutively confirmed the role of acyl-CoA's in the transfer of acyl groups to phospholipids. Although CoA was necessary when acyl-CoA's had to be generated, high concentrations were found to inhibit the rate ofacyl transfer. The results are discussed in terms ofthe ‘witching mechanism’ for controlling the fate of fatty acids in the plant cell. 相似文献
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35.
Swee Loong Khor Darren Delai Sun Yajuan Liu James O. Leckie 《Process Biochemistry》2007,42(12):1641-1648
This study was conducted to investigate the development and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) distribution in biofouling layer and biofouling effect on permeate quality. The experimental results suggested that formation of biofouling layer was started by the attachment of polysaccharides and formed a biogel like layer on top of membrane surface (adhesive attachment). It further induced the attachment of protein, polysaccharides and bioparticles, and formed cake layer (cohesive attachment). As evidenced in SEM photos and permeates quality, the formed biofouling layer had changed the properties of membrane surface such as the pore and porosity, and hence produce the better permeates quality. A great enhancement of rejection performance occurred at the early filtration period, and followed by a slight enhancement in rejection throughout the entire filtration. This enhancement of rejection performance by biofouling layer can be mathematically expressed by the logarithm function with the degree of membrane fouling. 相似文献
36.
Khor B Bredemeyer AL Huang CY Turnbull IR Evans R Maggi LB White JM Walker LM Carnes K Hess RA Sleckman BP 《Molecular and cellular biology》2006,26(8):2999-3007
The PA200 proteasome activator is a broadly expressed nuclear protein. Although how PA200 normally functions is not fully understood, it has been suggested to be involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). The PA200 gene (Psme4) is composed of 45 coding exons spanning 108 kb on mouse chromosome 11. We generated a PA200 null allele (PA200(Delta)) through Cre-loxP-mediated interchromosomal recombination after targeting loxP sites at either end of the locus. PA200(Delta/Delta) mice are viable and have no obvious developmental abnormalities. Both lymphocyte development and immunoglobulin class switching, which rely on the generation and repair of DNA DSBs, are unperturbed in PA200(Delta/Delta) mice. Additionally, PA200(Delta/Delta) embryonic stem cells do not exhibit increased sensitivity to either ionizing radiation or bleomycin. Thus, PA200 is not essential for the repair of DNA DSBs generated in these settings. Notably, loss of PA200 led to a marked reduction in male, but not female, fertility. This was due to defects in spermatogenesis observed in meiotic spermatocytes and during the maturation of postmeiotic haploid spermatids. Thus, PA200 serves an important nonredundant function during spermatogenesis, suggesting that the efficient generation of male gametes has distinct protein metabolic requirements. 相似文献
37.
Elsa Callén Sam Bunting Ching-Yu Huang Michael J. Difilippantonio Nancy Wong Bernard Khor Grace Mahowald Michael J. Kruhlak Thomas Ried Barry P. Sleckman André Nussenzweig 《Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.)》2009,8(15):2408-2412
Translocations involving the T cell receptor alpha/delta (TCRα/δ) chain locus, which bring oncogenes in the proximity of the TCRα enhancer, are one of the hallmark features of human T cell malignancies from ataxia telangiectasia (AT) and non-AT patients. These lesions are frequently generated by the fusion of DNA breaks at the TCRα/δ locus to a disperse region centromeric of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) locus. Aberrant VDJ joining accounts for TCRα/δ associated DNA cleavage, but the molecular mechanism that leads to generation of the "oncogene partner" DNA break is unclear. Here we show that in ATM deficient primary mouse T cells, IgH/TCRα/δ fusions arise at a remarkably similar frequency as in human AT lymphocytes. Recombinase-activating gene (RAG) is responsible for both TCRα/δ as well as IgH associated breaks on chromosome 12 (Chr12), which are subject to varying degrees of chromosomal degradation. We suggest a new model for how oncogenic translocations can arise from two non-concerted physiological DSBs. 相似文献
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39.
Bartelds GM de Groot E Nurmohamed MT Hart MH van Eede PH Wijbrandts CA Crusius JB Dijkmans BA Tak PP Aarden L Wolbink GJ 《Arthritis research & therapy》2010,12(6):R221-7
Introduction
The human monoclonal antibody adalimumab is known to induce an anti-globulin response in some adalimumab-treated patients. Antibodies against adalimumab (AAA) are associated with non-response to treatment. Immunoglobulins, such as adalimumab, carry allotypes which represent slight differences in the amino acid sequences of the constant chains of an IgG molecule. Immunoglobulins with particular IgG (Gm) allotypes are racially distributed and could be immunogenic for individuals who do not express these allotypes. Therefore, we investigated whether a mismatch in IgG allotypes between adalimumab and IgG in adalimumab-treated patients is associated with the development of AAA.Methods
This cohort study consisted of 250 adalimumab-treated rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. IgG allotypes were determined for adalimumab and for all patients. Anti-idiotype antibodies against adalimumab were measured with a regular radio immunoassay (RIA), and a newly developed bridging enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure anti-allotype antibodies against adalimumab. The association between AAA and the G1m3 and the G1m17 allotypes was determined. For differences between groups we used the independent or paired samples t-test, Mann-Whitney test or Chi square/Fisher's exact test as appropriate. To investigate the influence of confounders on the presence or absence of AAA a multiple logistic regression-analysis was used.Results
Adalimumab carries the G1m17 allotype. No anti-allotype antibodies against adalimumab were detected. Thirty-nine out of 249 patients had anti-idiotype antibodies against adalimumab (16%). IgG allotypes of RA patients were associated with the frequency of AAA: patients homozygous for G1m17 had the highest frequency of AAA (41%), patients homozygous for G1m3 the lowest frequency (10%), and heterozygous patients' AAA frequency was 14% (P = 0.0001).Conclusions
An allotype mismatch between adalimumab and IgG in adalimumab-treated patients did not lead to a higher frequency of AAA. On the contrary, patients who carried the same IgG allotype as present on the adalimumab IgG molecule, had the highest frequency of anti-adalimumab antibodies compared to patients whose IgG allotype differed from adalimumab. This suggests that the allotype of adalimumab may not be highly immunogenic. Furthermore, patients carrying the G1m17-allotype might be more prone to antibody responses. 相似文献40.
Light-induced formation of singlet oxygen selectively oxidizes methionines in the heavy chain of IgG2 antibodies. Peptide mapping has indicated the following sensitivities to oxidation: M252 > M428 > M397. Irrespective of the light source, formulating proteins with the free amino acid methionine limits oxidative damage. Conventional peptide mapping cannot distinguish between the S- and R-diastereomers of methionine sulfoxide (Met[O]) formed in the photo-oxidized protein because of their identical polarities and masses. We have developed a method for identification and quantification of these diastereomers by taking advantage of the complementary stereospecificities of the methionine sulfoxide reductase (Msr) enzymes MsrA and MsrB, which promote the selective reduction of S- and R-diastereomers of Met(O), respectively. In addition, an MsrBA fusion protein that contains both Msr enzyme activities permitted the quantitative reduction of all Met(O) diastereomers. Using these Msr enzymes in combination with peptide mapping, we were able to detect and differentiate diastereomers of methionine sulfoxide within the highly conserved heavy chain of an IgG2 that had been photo-oxidized, as well as those in an IgG1 oxidized with peroxide. The rapid identification of the stereospecificity of methionine oxidation by Msr enzymes not only definitively differentiates Met(O) diastereomers, which previously has been indistinguishable using traditional techniques, but also provides an important tool that may contribute to understanding of the mechanisms of protein oxidation and development of new formulation strategies to stabilize protein therapeutics.Key words: immunoglobulin gamma antibody, methionine sulfoxide, oxidation, photo-oxidation, methionine sulfoxide reductase 相似文献