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31.
Jie Jia Nolan Frantz Christina Khoo Glenn R. Gibson Robert A. Rastall & Anne L. McCartney 《FEMS microbiology ecology》2010,71(2):304-312
Diarrhoea is a common problem in dogs and can result in disturbance of the normal intestinal microbiota. However, little is known about the gastrointestinal microbiota of dogs with chronic diarrhoea and controlled canine studies of dietary management are scarce. The aims of this study were to investigate the predominant faecal microbiota of chronic diarrhoea dogs and to examine the effect(s) of a fibre blend on the canine faecal microbiota. A 3-week fibre supplementation feeding study was performed in nine chronic diarrhoea and eight control dogs. Atopobium cluster, Lactobacillus–Enterococcus group and Clostridium cluster XIV were the predominant bacterial groups in all dogs. Chronic diarrhoea dogs had significantly higher Bacteroides counts at baseline and significantly lower Atopobium cluster counts following fibre supplementation compared with control dogs. Atopobium cluster levels increased significantly in control dogs, while counts of sulphate-reducing bacteria decreased significantly and Clostridium clusters I and II counts increased significantly in chronic diarrhoea dogs during fibre supplementation. Microbial profiles (detected by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) demonstrated interindividual variation, with greater similarity seen between the chronic diarrhoea and control dogs' profiles after fibre supplementation compared with baseline. In conclusion, fibre supplementation induced changes in the canine faecal microbiota, with greater resemblance between the microbiota of chronic diarrhoea and control dogs after this dietary modulation. 相似文献
32.
Eric E. Kelley Nicholas K.H. Khoo Nicholas J. Hundley Umair Z. Malik Bruce A. Freeman Margaret M. Tarpey 《Free radical biology & medicine》2010,48(4):493-498
Xanthine oxidase (XO) is a critical source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in inflammatory disease. Focus, however, has centered almost exclusively on XO-derived superoxide (O2??), whereas direct H2O2 production from XO has been less well investigated. Therefore, we examined the relative quantities of O2?? and H2O2 produced by XO under a range (1–21%) of O2 tensions. At O2 concentrations between 10 and 21%, H2O2 accounted for ~75% of ROS production. As O2 concentrations were lowered, there was a concentration-dependent increase in H2O2 formation, accounting for 90% of ROS production at 1% O2. Alterations in pH between 5.5 and 7.4 did not affect the relative proportions of H2O2 and O2?? formation. Immobilization of XO, by binding to heparin–Sepharose, further enhanced relative H2O2 production by ~30%, under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, XO bound to glycosaminoglycans on the apical surface of bovine aortic endothelial cells demonstrated a similar ROS production profile. These data establish H2O2 as the dominant (70–95%) reactive product produced by XO under clinically relevant conditions and emphasize the importance of H2O2 as a critical factor when examining the contributory roles of XO-catalyzed ROS in inflammatory processes as well as cellular signaling. 相似文献
33.
Andréia S Lessa Bruno D Paredes Juliana V Dias Adriana B Carvalho Luiz Fernando Quintanilha Christina M Takiya Bernardo R Tura Guilherme FM Rezende Antonio C Campos de Carvalho Célia MC Resende Regina CS Goldenberg 《BMC veterinary research》2010,6(1):1-10
Background
Atypical scrapie was first identified in Norwegian sheep in 1998 and has subsequently been identified in many countries. Retrospective studies have identified cases predating the initial identification of this form of scrapie, and epidemiological studies have indicated that it does not conform to the behaviour of an infectious disease, giving rise to the hypothesis that it represents spontaneous disease. However, atypical scrapie isolates have been shown to be infectious experimentally, through intracerebral inoculation in transgenic mice and sheep. The first successful challenge of a sheep with 'field' atypical scrapie from an homologous donor sheep was reported in 2007.Results
This study demonstrates that atypical scrapie has distinct clinical, pathological and biochemical characteristics which are maintained on transmission and sub-passage, and which are distinct from other strains of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in the same host genotype.Conclusions
Atypical scrapie is consistently transmissible within AHQ homozygous sheep, and the disease phenotype is preserved on sub-passage. 相似文献34.
van Beers JJ Raijmakers R Alexander LE Stammen-Vogelzangs J Lokate AM Heck AJ Schasfoort RB Pruijn GJ 《Arthritis research & therapy》2010,12(6):R219
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) frequently involves the loss of tolerance to citrullinated antigens, which may play a role in pathogenicity. Citrullinated fibrinogen is commonly found in inflamed synovial tissue and is a frequent target of autoantibodies in RA patients. To obtain insight into the B-cell response to citrullinated fibrinogen in RA, its autoepitopes were systematically mapped using a new methodology. 相似文献35.
36.
Akker SA Misra S Aslam S Morgan EL Smith PJ Khoo B Chew SL 《Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.)》2007,21(10):2529-2540
Pseudoexons occur frequently in the human genome. This paper characterizes a pseudoexon in the GH receptor gene. Inappropriate activation of this pseudoexon causes Laron syndrome. Using in vitro splicing assays, pseudoexon silencing was shown to require a combination of a weak 5' pseudosplice-site and splicing silencing elements within the pseudoexon. Immunoprecipitation experiments showed that specific binding of heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein E1 (hnRNP E1) and U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) in the pre-spliceosomal complex was associated with silencing of pseudoexon splicing. The possible role of hnRNP E1 was further supported by RNA interference experiments in cultured cells. Immunoprecipitation experiments with three other pseudoexons suggested that pre-spliceosomal binding of U1 snRNP is a potential general mechanism of suppression of pseudoexons. 相似文献
37.
Sidders B Withers M Kendall SL Bacon J Waddell SJ Hinds J Golby P Movahedzadeh F Cox RA Frita R Ten Bokum AM Wernisch L Stoker NG 《Genome biology》2007,8(12):R265-13
We describe an analysis, applicable to any spotted microarray dataset produced using genomic DNA as a reference, that quantifies prokaryotic levels of mRNA on a genome-wide scale. Applying this to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, we validate the technique, show a correlation between level of expression and biological importance, define the complement of invariant genes and analyze absolute levels of expression by functional class to develop ways of understanding an organism's biology without comparison to another growth condition. 相似文献
38.
José MC Ribeiro Bruno Arcà Fabrizio Lombardo Eric Calvo My Van Phan Prafulla K Chandra Stephen K Wikel 《BMC genomics》2007,8(1):1-27
Background
The number of completely sequenced plastid genomes available is growing rapidly. This array of sequences presents new opportunities to perform comParative analyses. In comParative studies, it is often useful to compare across wide phylogenetic spans and, within angiosperms, to include representatives from basally diverging lineages such as the genomes reported here: Nuphar advena (from a basal-most lineage) and Ranunculus macranthus (a basal eudicot). We report these two new plastid genome sequences and make comparisons (within angiosperms, seed plants, or all photosynthetic lineages) to evaluate features such as the status of ycf15 and ycf68 as protein coding genes, the distribution of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and longer dispersed repeats (SDR), and patterns of nucleotide composition.Results
The Nuphar [GenBank:NC_008788] and Ranunculus [GenBank:NC_008796] plastid genomes share characteristics of gene content and organization with many other chloroplast genomes. Like other plastid genomes, these genomes are A+T-rich, except for rRNA and tRNA genes. Detailed comparisons of Nuphar with Nymphaea, another Nymphaeaceae, show that more than two-thirds of these genomes exhibit at least 95% sequence identity and that most SSRs are shared. In broader comparisons, SSRs vary among genomes in s of abundance and length and most contain repeat motifs based on A and T nucleotides.Conclusion
SSR and SDR abundance varies by genome and, for SSRs, is proportional to genome size. Long SDRs are rare in the genomes assessed. SSRs occur less frequently than predicted and, although the majority of the repeat motifs do include A and T nucleotides, the A+T bias in SSRs is less than that predicted from the underlying genomic nucleotide composition. In codon usage third positions show an A+T bias, however variation in codon usage does not correlate with differences in A+T-richness. Thus, although plastome nucleotide composition shows "A+T richness", an A+T bias is not apparent upon more in-depth analysis, at least in these aspects. The pattern of evolution in the sequences identified as ycf15 and ycf68 is not consistent with them being protein-coding genes. In fact, these regions show no evidence of sequence conservation beyond what is normal for non-coding regions of the IR. 相似文献39.
40.
Matthew S. Macauley Norihito Kawasaki Wenjie Peng Shui-Hua Wang Yuan He Britni M. Arlian Ryan McBride Reiji Kannagi Kay-Hooi Khoo James C. Paulson 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2015,290(50):30066-30077
CD22 is an inhibitory B-cell co-receptor whose function is modulated by sialic acid (Sia)-bearing glycan ligands. Glycan remodeling in the germinal center (GC) alters CD22 ligands, with as yet no ascribed biological consequence. Here, we show in both mice and humans that loss of high affinity ligands on GC B-cells unmasks the binding site of CD22 relative to naive and memory B-cells, promoting recognition of trans ligands. The conserved modulation of CD22 ligands on GC B-cells is striking because high affinity glycan ligands of CD22 are species-specific. In both species, the high affinity ligand is based on the sequence Siaα2–6Galβ1–4GlcNAc, which terminates N-glycans. The human ligand has N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) as the sialic acid, and the high affinity ligand on naive B-cells contains 6-O-sulfate on the GlcNAc. On human GC B-cells, this sulfate modification is lost, giving rise to lower affinity CD22 ligands. Ligands of CD22 on naive murine B-cells do not contain the 6-O-sulfate modification. Instead, the high affinity ligand for mouse CD22 has N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) as the sialic acid, which is replaced on GC B-cells with Neu5Ac. Human naive and memory B-cells express sulfated glycans as high affinity CD22 ligands, which are lost on GC B-cells. In mice, Neu5Gc-containing glycans serve as high affinity CD22 ligands that are replaced by Neu5Ac-containing glycans on GC B-cells. Our results demonstrate that loss of high affinity CD22 ligands on GC B-cells occurs in both mice and humans through alternative mechanisms, unmasking CD22 relative to naive and memory B-cells. 相似文献