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Marie GB Hansen Mette Christoffersen Line R Thuesen Morten R Petersen Anders M Bojesen 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2010,52(1):3
Background
Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum are able to infect horses. However, the extend to which Danish horses are infected and seroconvert due to these two bacteria is unknown. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of B. burgdorferi sensu lato and A. phagocytophilum in Danish horses.Methods
A total of 390 blood samples collected from all major regions of Denmark and with a geographical distribution corresponding to the density of the Danish horse population were analyzed. All samples were examined for the presence of antibodies against B. burgdorferi sensu lato and A. phagocytophilum by the use of the SNAP®4DX ® ELISA test.Results
Overall, 29.0% of the horses were seropositive for B. burgdorferi sensu lato whereas 22.3% were seropositive for A. phagocytophilum.Conclusions
Antibodies against B burgdorferi sensu lato and A. phagocytophilum are commonly found among Danish horses thus showing that Danish horses are frequently infected by these organisms.2.
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Sammy Y Chan GB John Mancini Andrew Ignaszewski Jiri Frohlich 《BMC clinical pharmacology》2008,8(1):10
Background
Prior studies suggested low density lipoprotein particle (LDLP) size is a predictor of atherosclerosis. Knowledge of effects of lipid lowering drugs on lipoprotein subclasses is useful. We treated subjects with hyperlipidemia sequentially with statins and fibrates, the 2 main classes of lipid lowering therapy and studied changes in NMR lipoprotein subclasses. 相似文献5.
Manjunatha M. Venkataswamy Tony W. Ng Shalu S. Kharkwal Leandro J. Carre?o Alison J. Johnson Shajo Kunnath-Velayudhan Zheng Liu Robert Bittman Peter J. Jervis Liam R. Cox Gurdyal S. Besra Xiangshu Wen Weiming Yuan Moriya Tsuji Xiangming Li David D. Ho John Chan Sunhee Lee Richard Frothingham Barton F. Haynes Michael W. Panas Geoffrey O. Gillard Jaimie D. Sixsmith Birgit Korioth-Schmitz Joern E. Schmitz Michelle H. Larsen William R. Jacobs Jr Steven A. Porcelli 《PloS one》2014,9(9)
Recombinant Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guèrin (rBCG) has been explored as a vector for vaccines against HIV because of its ability to induce long lasting humoral and cell mediated immune responses. To maximize the potential for rBCG vaccines to induce effective immunity against HIV, various strategies are being employed to improve its ability to prime CD8+ T cells, which play an important role in the control of HIV infections. In this study we adopted a previously described approach of incorporating glycolipids that activate CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells to enhance priming of CD8+ T cells by rBCG strains expressing an SIV Gag antigen (rBCG-SIV gag). We found that the incorporation of the synthetic NKT activating glycolipid α-galactosylceramide (α-GC) into rBCG-SIV gag significantly enhanced CD8+ T cell responses against an immunodominant Gag epitope, compared to responses primed by unmodified rBCG-SIV gag. The abilities of structural analogues of α-GC to enhance CD8+ T cell responses to rBCG were compared in both wild type and partially humanized mice that express human CD1d molecules in place of mouse CD1d. These studies identified an α-GC analogue known as 7DW8-5, which has previously been used successfully as an adjuvant in non-human primates, as a promising compound for enhancing immunogenicity of antigens delivered by rBCG.vectors. Our findings support the incorporation of synthetic glycolipid activators of NKT cells as a novel approach to enhance the immunogenicity of rBCG-vectored antigens for induction of CD8+ T cell responses. The glycolipid adjuvant 7DW8-5 may be a promising candidate for advancing to non-human primate and human clinical studies for the development of HIV vaccines based on rBCG vectors. 相似文献
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Estimates of DNA and protein sequence divergence: an examination of some assumptions 总被引:2,自引:3,他引:2
Some of the assumptions underlying estimates of DNA and protein sequence
divergence are examined. A solution for the variance of these estimates
that allows for different mutation rates and different population sizes in
each species and for an arbitrary structure in the initial population is
obtained. It is shown that these conditions do not strongly affect
estimates of divergence. In general, they cause the variance of divergence
to be smaller than a binomial variance. Thus, the binomial variance that is
usually assumed for these estimates is safely conservative. It is shown
that variability in the mutation rate among sites can have an effect as
large as or larger than variability in the mutation rate among bases.
Variability in the mutation rate among bases and among sites causes the
number of substitutions between two sequences to be underestimated. Protein
and DNA sequences from several species are collected to estimate the
variability in mutation rates among sites. When many homologous sequences
are known, standard methods to estimate this variability can be used. The
estimates of this variability show that this factor is important when
considering the spectrum of spontaneous mutations and is strongly reflected
in the divergence of sequences. Smaller variability is found for the third
position of codons than for the first and second codon positions. This may
be because of less selective constraints on this position or because the
third position has been saturated with mutations for the sequences
examined.
相似文献
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Martin Kolisko Ivan Cepicka Vladimir Hampl Jessica Leigh Andrew J Roger Jaroslav Kulda Alastair GB Simpson Jaroslav Flegr 《BMC evolutionary biology》2008,8(1):205
Background
Fornicata is a relatively recently established group of protists that includes the diplokaryotic diplomonads (which have two similar nuclei per cell), and the monokaryotic enteromonads, retortamonads and Carpediemonas, with the more typical one nucleus per cell. The monophyly of the group was confirmed by molecular phylogenetic studies, but neither the internal phylogeny nor its position on the eukaryotic tree has been clearly resolved. 相似文献10.
Priyanka Sharma Amit C. Kharkwal M. Z. Abdin Ajit Varma 《Symbiosis (Philadelphia, Pa.)》2017,72(2):103-115
Piriformospora indica, a root endophytic fungus, has been reported to promote growth of many plants under normal condition and allow the plants to survive under stress conditions. However, its impact on an important medicinal plant Aloe vera L. has not been well studied. Therefore, this study was undertaken to investigate the effect of P. indica on salinity stress tolerance of A. vera plant. P. indica inoculated and non-inoculated A. vera plantlets were subjected to four levels of salinity treatment- 0, 100, 200 and 300 mM NaCl. The salinity stress decreased the ability of the fungus to colonize roots of A. vera but the interaction of A. vera with P. indica resulted in an overall increase in plant biomass and greater shoot and root length as well as number of shoots and roots. The photosynthetic pigment (Chl a, Chl b and total Chl) and gel content were significantly higher for the fungus inoculated A. vera plantlets, at respective salinity concentrations. Furthermore, the inoculated plantlets had higher phenol, flavonoid, flavonol, aloin contents and radical scavenging activity at all salinity concentrations. The higher phenolic and flavonoid content may help the plants ameliorate oxidative stress resulting from high salinity. 相似文献