Mental health system in China: history, recent service reform and future challenges

This paper summarizes the history of the development of Chinese mental health system; the current situation in the mental health field that China has to face in its effort to reform the system, including mental health burden, workforce and resources, as well as structural issues; the process of national mental health service reform, including how it was included into the national public health program, how it began as a training program and then became a treatment and intervention program, its unique training and capacity building model, and its outcomes and impacts; the barriers and challenges of the reform process; future suggestions for policy; and Chinese experiences as response to the international advocacy for the development of mental health.     

Down-regulation of EBV-LMP1 radio-sensitizes nasal pharyngeal carcinoma cells via NF-κB regulated ATM expression

Background

The latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) encoded by EBV is expressed in the majority of EBV-associated human malignancies and has been suggested to be one of the major oncogenic factors in EBV-mediated carcinogenesis. In previous studies we experimentally demonstrated that down-regulation of LMP1 expression by DNAzymes could increase radiosensitivity both in cells and in a xenograft NPC model in mice.

Results

In this study we explored the molecular mechanisms underlying the radiosensitization caused by the down-regulation of LMP1 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. It was confirmed that LMP1 could up-regulate ATM expression in NPCs. Bioinformatic analysis of the ATM ptomoter region revealed three tentative binding sites for NF-κB. By using a specific inhibitor of NF-κB signaling and the dominant negative mutant of IkappaB, it was shown that the ATM expression in CNE1-LMP1 cells could be efficiently suppressed. Inhibition of LMP1 expression by the DNAzyme led to attenuation of the NF-κB DNA binding activity. We further showed that the silence of ATM expression by ATM-targeted siRNA could enhance the radiosensitivity in LMP1 positive NPC cells.

Conclusions

Together, our results indicate that ATM expression can be regulated by LMP1 via the NF-κB pathways through direct promoter binding, which resulted in the change of radiosensitivity in NPCs.     

Structural variation in two human genomes mapped at single-nucleotide resolution by whole genome de novo assembly

Here we use whole-genome de novo assembly of second-generation sequencing reads to map structural variation (SV) in an Asian genome and an African genome. Our approach identifies small- and intermediate-size homozygous variants (1-50 kb) including insertions, deletions, inversions and their precise breakpoints, and in contrast to other methods, can resolve complex rearrangements. In total, we identified 277,243 SVs ranging in length from 1-23 kb. Validation using computational and experimental methods suggests that we achieve overall <6% false-positive rate and <10% false-negative rate in genomic regions that can be assembled, which outperforms other methods. Analysis of the SVs in the genomes of 106 individuals sequenced as part of the 1000 Genomes Project suggests that SVs account for a greater fraction of the diversity between individuals than do single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). These findings demonstrate that whole-genome de novo assembly is a feasible approach to deriving more comprehensive maps of genetic variation.     

Primary rat hepatocyte culture on 3D nanofibrous polymer scaffolds for toxicology and pharmaceutical research

Primary rat hepatocytes are a widely used experimental model to estimate drug metabolism and toxicity. In currently used two‐dimensional (2D) cell culture systems, typical problems like morphological changes and the loss of liver cell‐specific functions occur. We hypothesize that the use of polymer scaffolds could overcome these problems and support the establishment of three‐dimensional (3D) culture systems in pharmaceutical research. Isolated primary rat hepatocytes were cultured on collagen‐coated nanofibrous scaffolds for 7 days. Cell loading efficiency was quantified via DNA content measurement. Cell viability and presence of liver‐cell‐specific functions (albumin secretion, glycogen storage capacity) were evaluated. The activity of liver‐specific factors was analyzed by immunofluorescent staining. RNA was isolated to establish quantitative real‐time PCR. Our results indicate that primary rat hepatocytes cultured on nanofibrous scaffolds revealed high viability and well‐preserved glycogen storage. Albumin secretion was existent during the entire culture period. Hepatocytes remain HNF‐4 positive, indicating highly preserved cell differentiation. Aggregated hepatocytes re‐established positive signaling for Connexin 32, a marker for differentiated hepatocyte interaction. ZO‐1‐positive hepatocytes were detected indicating formation of tight junctions. Expression of cytochrome isoenzymes was inducible. Altogether the data suggest that nanofibrous scaffolds provide a good in vitro microenvironment for neo tissue regeneration of primary rat hepatocytes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:141–150. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

棉铃虫中肠P450CYP6B6基因5'上游序列的克隆及序列分析

已证实2-十三烷酮等植物次生物质的胁迫会诱导棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera)CYP6B6基因的过量表达[1].为探明棉铃虫P450 CYP6B6基因的表达调控机制,根据棉铃虫中肠P450 CYP6B6基因cDNA序列(GenBank登录号:AY950636),运用基因组步移的方法获得其5'上游区的序列,用启动子区的分析软件进行比对分析,结果得到棉铃虫P450CYP6B6基因5'上游区域1 333 bp的基因片段.分别运用NNPPv.2.2和TRANSFAC v.6.0预测转录起始位点及分析了转录因子结合位点,结果显示,该序列不仅包括TATA盒等这一类核心结构序列,还含有多个转录因子的结合位点,如GATA-1、Dfd、C/EBP、HSF、cytR和AhR(芳香烃受体化合物应答元件)等.该结果为深入研究棉铃虫P450 CYP6B6的表达调控机制及其参与杀虫剂抗性的研究奠定分子基础.     

Beauveria bassiana: Synergistic effect with acaricides against the tick Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (Acari: Ixodidae)

Owing to the need to combat the spread of chemical acaricide resistance in ticks, we evaluated the efficacy of a mixture of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana AT17 and acaricides for the control of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum in China. A mixture of B. bassiana AT17 at the concentration of 10⁸ conidia/mL and the synthetic pyrethroid deltamethrin at concentrations of 2500, 250, 25, 5, 2.5, 0.5 and 0.25 ppm was tested in vitro. The germination capability, vegetative growth, conidia production, and viability of B. bassiana AT17 were assessed and the efficacy of the mixture in killing engorged H. anatolicum anatolicum females was measured. High mortality rates were achieved when the entomopathogen was combined with different concentrations of deltamethrin. Neither B. bassiana AT17 nor deltamethrin alone at the same concentrations could cause the higher mortality rates seen with the combination. In addition the combination killed the ticks more rapidly than did either agent alone (3–5 days more rapidly). Our results indicate that the mixture of B. bassiana AT17 and deltamethrin has potential as a new type of reagent for integrated control of H. anatolicum anatolicum.     

XIVE种植体即刻植入即刻负重的临床观察

目的：评价XIVE种植体在上颌外伤前牙区即刻种植即刻负重修复的临床效果。方法：对26例前牙区单颗或多颗无法保留的外伤残根拔除后,即刻植入XIVE种植体,并即刻负重修复。种植体扭矩控制在35Ncm左右,初期稳定性良好。平均四到五个月后行永久修复。在植入后1、2、4个月对其进行临床及影像学检查。结果：32枚种植体有2枚种植体2周后出现松动,一个月后脱落,其余30枚均在预期时间内形成良好骨性愈合,最终完成修复。结论：上颌前牙区单颗或多颗牙外伤,残根无法保留者,行即刻种植即刻负重修复是可行。早期种植修复有利于减缓牙槽骨的吸收,保留软硬组织的形态,缩短疗程。     

Hypsodonty of Dipodidae (Rodentia) in Correlation with Diet Preferences and Habitats

The evolution of molar teeth from low-crowned (brachyodont) to high-crowned (hypsodont) has traditionally been recognized as a response to increasing tooth wear due to endogenous (e.g., fiber, silica) and/ or exogenous (e.g., dust, grit) properties of ingested food. Recent work indicates that the mean hypsodonty level of large herbivorous land mammalian communities is a strong predictor of precipitation in their habitats. For small mammals, however, the research is still in an early stage. This study performed comparative studies of hypsodonty on 26 extant dipodid species with and without consideration of phylogeny. The results confirm the role of diet in shaping the cheek tooth crown height in Dipodidae. The significant relationship of investigated environmental variables with hypsodonty may be partly due to phylogenetic effects. Nonetheless, the mean hypsodonty of dipodid communities has significant relationship with regional climatic variables. Hence, the hypsodonty of dipodids also has great potential to be a regional climate proxy.     

The checkpoint Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad9 protein contains a tandem tudor domain that recognizes DNA

DNA damage checkpoints are signal transduction pathways that are activated after genotoxic insults to protect genomic integrity. At the site of DNA damage, ‘mediator’ proteins are in charge of recruiting ‘signal transducers’ to molecules ‘sensing’ the damage. Budding yeast Rad9, fission yeast Crb2 and metazoan 53BP1 are presented as mediators involved in the activation of checkpoint kinases. Here we show that, despite low sequence conservation, Rad9 exhibits a tandem tudor domain structurally close to those found in human/mouse 53BP1 and fission yeast Crb2. Moreover, this region is important for the resistance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to different genotoxic stresses. It does not mediate direct binding to a histone H3 peptide dimethylated on K79, nor to a histone H4 peptide dimethylated on lysine 20, as was demonstrated for 53BP1. However, the tandem tudor region of Rad9 directly interacts with single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNAs of various lengths and sequences through a positively charged region absent from 53BP1 and Crb2 but present in several yeast Rad9 homologs. Our results argue that the tandem tudor domains of Rad9, Crb2 and 53BP1 mediate chromatin binding next to double-strand breaks. However, their modes of chromatin recognition are different, suggesting that the corresponding interactions are differently regulated.