Genetic Relationships Among Five Basic Genomes St,E,A,B and D in Triticeae Revealed by Genomic Southern and in situ Hybridization

The St and E are two important basic genomes in the perennial tribe Triticeae (Poaceae). They exist in many perennialspecies and are very closely related to the A, B and D genomes of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Genomic Southernhybridization and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) were used to analyze the genomic relationships between the twogenomes (St and E) and the three basic genomes (A, B and D) of T. aestivum. The semi-quantitative analysis of the Southernhybridization suggested that both St and E genomes are most closely related to the D genome, then the A genome, andrelatively distant to the B genome. GISH analysis using St and E genomic DNA as probes further confirmed the conclusion.St and E are the two basic genomes of Thinopyrum ponticum (StStE~eE~bE~x) and Th. intermedium (StE~eE~b), two perennialspecies successfully used in wheat improvement. Therefore, this paper provides a possible answer as to why most of thespontaneous wheat-Thinopyrum translocations and substitutions usually happen in the D genome, some in the A genomeand rarely in the B genome. This would develop further use of alien species for wheat improvement, especially thosecontaining St or E in their genome components.     

西藏台错古湖晚第四纪轮藻类及其生态环境、气候变化探讨

西藏台错TT-1剖面厚369 cm,为一套碳酸盐粘土和粘土碳酸盐沉积,地层测年为41.4-4.5 ka,含丰富的轮藻化石,分属于11个轮藻植物群,群落所在地层的碳酸盐和钙质含量分别为80％和33％.从老到新(剖面自下而上):①41.4-26.64 ka(369-319 cm),处于末次冰期间冰阶MIS3a暖期,湖区气候...     

镉胁迫对拟南芥的毒害作用及自噬现象的观测

镉离子(Cd2+)具有强植物毒性,可抑制植物生长,甚至导致植物死亡。为了研究重金属镉对拟南芥的毒害作用,采用叶绿素荧光技术、流式细胞技术、激光共聚焦技术及半定量RT-PCR技术,检测光合参数的变化、活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的累积、自噬的发生,以及病原相关蛋白(pathogenesis-related protein,PR)基因表达的变化。实验结果显示,随着50μmol/L CdCl2处理时间的延长,ROS和Cd2+在细胞中大量积累。而在镉胁迫的初期,会观察到自噬的发生及PR基因表达的变化。说明植物受到外界Cd2+作用的初期,会通过自噬及增强PR基因表达来抵抗外界胁迫。但随着处理时间的延长,植物细胞内累积了大量的ROS和Cd2+,当植物不足以通过自噬途径抵抗胁迫时,就会导致生长受阻,最终对光合系统造成损伤。     

PP-1催化亚基（PP-1c）在成体小白鼠不同组织器官中的分化表达与定位

为了确定蛋白磷酸酶-1(protein phosphatase-1)的催化亚基(PP 1c)在小白鼠不同器官组织(肌肉、卵巢、肾、胃、 脾、大脑、心、肝、肺及乳腺)中的表达模式,运用RT-PCR、Western 印迹及荧光免疫组织化学技术等实验手段进行了检测 和分析.结果表明,在mRNA水平, PP-1c在大脑中表达最高,卵巢及肺中表达次之,在肌肉、肾、心、肝中表达较低,在胃 和乳腺中表达最低;在蛋白质水平,肝中表达最高,肾、大脑、肺和乳腺中表达较高,而肌肉、卵巢、心和脾中表达相对较 低,胃中表达最低.免疫荧光组织化学实验结果显示,PP 1c的表达也具有明显的组织特异性和细胞特异性.这些结果为进一 步探讨PP 1在哺乳动物不同组织器官中的功能提供了重要的实验依据.     

聚乙二醇介导鹅掌楸悬浮细胞与CdSe／ZnS量子点纳米颗粒共孵育的互作特征

利用纳米材料介导的药物靶向治疗和动物细胞转基因等相关研究,日益受到人们的关注．但植物因存在细胞壁的障碍,无论原位还是离体细胞培养条件下,利用纳米技术进行基因转移均存在很大难度．因此设想,如通过纳米颗粒材料物理尺寸的改变和表面化学修饰,能改变纳米颗粒与植物细胞壁界面上的生物物理或生物化学特征,从而有利于纳米颗粒材料穿越植物细胞壁进入植物细胞,将对推动纳米技术在植物转基因领域中的应用产生重要意义．根据以上设想,研究了不同的共孵育时间和温度等条件下,杂交鹅掌楸的胚性悬浮细胞与经不同表面化学修饰的CdSe／ZnS纳米颗粒之间相互作用过程的细胞生物学特征,以及CdSe／ZnS量子点的细胞毒性．结果表明,在共孵育后3h以内,激光共聚焦显微镜和电子扫描显微镜下,均可观察到经表面后修饰带正电荷的CdSe／ZnS纳米颗粒．同时,胞吞进入细胞内部的表面携带正电荷的CdSe／ZnS纳米颗粒的量明显与共培养时间、温度有明显的依赖关系,表明它们可以通过细胞的液相胞吞作用进入杂交鹅掌楸细胞内,且不影响细胞的活性;而表面带负电荷的CdSe／ZnS纳米颗粒则主要聚集在细胞外壁附近．在培养溶液中添加20％（质量比）聚乙二醇,可进一步提高鹅掌楸细胞胞吞CdSe／ZnS纳米颗粒的量和减轻CdSe／ZnS纳米颗粒的细胞毒性．本研究表明,以表面携带正电荷的CdSe／ZnS量子点纳米材料作为基因载体,在植物悬浮细胞的转基因研究和应用中具有广泛的前景．     

Genetic variation in the HSD17B1 gene and risk of prostate cancer

Steroid hormones are believed to play an important role in prostate carcinogenesis, but epidemiological evidence linking prostate cancer and steroid hormone genes has been inconclusive, in part due to small sample sizes or incomplete characterization of genetic variation at the locus of interest. Here we report on the results of a comprehensive study of the association between HSD17B1 and prostate cancer by the Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium, a large collaborative study. HSD17B1 encodes 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1, an enzyme that converts dihydroepiandrosterone to the testosterone precursor Δ5-androsterone-3β,17β-diol and converts estrone to estradiol. The Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium researchers systematically characterized variation in HSD17B1 by targeted resequencing and dense genotyping; selected haplotype-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (htSNPs) that efficiently predict common variants in U.S. and European whites, Latinos, Japanese Americans, and Native Hawaiians; and genotyped these htSNPs in 8,290 prostate cancer cases and 9,367 study-, age-, and ethnicity-matched controls. We found no evidence that HSD17B1 htSNPs (including the nonsynonymous coding SNP S312G) or htSNP haplotypes were associated with risk of prostate cancer or tumor stage in the pooled multiethnic sample or in U.S. and European whites. Analyses stratified by age, body mass index, and family history of disease found no subgroup-specific associations between these HSD17B1 htSNPs and prostate cancer. We found significant evidence of heterogeneity in associations between HSD17B1 haplotypes and prostate cancer across ethnicity: one haplotype had a significant (p < 0.002) inverse association with risk of prostate cancer in Latinos and Japanese Americans but showed no evidence of association in African Americans, Native Hawaiians, or whites. However, the smaller numbers of Latinos and Japanese Americans in this study makes these subgroup analyses less reliable. These results suggest that the germline variants in HSD17B1 characterized by these htSNPs do not substantially influence the risk of prostate cancer in U.S. and European whites.     

光系统II核心复合物的稳态荧光光谱(英文)

在 83K 和 160K 两个温度下,通过激发波长对荧光发射谱的影响研究了光系统II中核心复合物的荧光光谱特性。用不同波长的光激发,核心复合物的发射谱的最大发射峰值不变,用 480、489、495 和 507nm 的光分别激发核心复合物,其光谱最大峰值处的荧光强度随不同激发波长下β-胡萝卜素分子的吸收强度的增大而降低,在长波长区域光谱的变化依赖于首先被激发的色素分子。所以,激发波长的不同影响着核心复合物中能量传递的途径。通过高斯解析,分析出核心复合物中至少存在有 7组叶绿素a组分,它们是Chla660,Chla670,Chla680,Chla682,Chla684,Chla687和Chla690。     

Estimation of Cellobiohydrolase I Activity by Numerical Differentiation of Dynamic Ultraviolet Spectroscopy

1,4-β-D-glucan cellobiohydrolase I (CBH I),p-nitrophenyl β-D-cellobioside,p-nitrophenol andcellobiose show distinct ultraviolet spectra,allowing the design of an assay to track the dynamic process ofp-nitrophenyl β-D-cellobioside hydrolysis by CBH I.Based on the linear relationship between p-nitrophenolformation in the hydrolysate and its first derivative absorption Curve of AUC340_400_(nm)(area under the curve),a new sensitive assay for the determination of CBH I activity was developed.The dynamic parameters ofcatalysis reaction,such as Vm and k_(cat),can all be derived from this result.The influence of β-glucosidase andendoglucanase in crude enzyme sample on the assay was discussed in detail.This approach is useful foraccurate determination of the activity of CBHs.