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991.
992.
Christian K. Tipsmark Kenneth J. Sørensen Katrine Hulgard Steffen S. Madsen 《Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology》2010,155(3):361-370
In seawater fishes, osmotic homeostasis requires uptake of ions and water in the intestine and these processes are governed by the combined trans- and paracellular pathways. The current study examined mRNA expression of two tight junction proteins (claudin-15 and -25b) predominantly expressed in the intestine of Atlantic salmon. We examined the response in pyloric caecae, middle and posterior intestine to seawater challenge, during smoltification and after injection with osmoregulatory hormones. Seawater (SW) transfer elevated levels of claudin-15 and -25b while no change was induced throughout the smolt stage. In freshwater, cortisol and growth hormone inhibited claudin-15 expression in the two anterior segments. Claudin-25b was elevated in all intestinal segments by growth hormone, while cortisol had an inhibitory effect. In seawater, prolactin and cortisol inhibited claudin expression. The data suggest that claudin expression is involved in the reorganisation of intestinal epithelium and possibly change paracellular permeability during SW acclimation. The lack of preparatory change during smoltification suggests that this process is not completed during smolt development. The effects of the tested hormones cannot explain the sum of changes induced by salinity, which, like the smoltification data, suggests the importance of additional factors and possibly contact with the imbibed SW per se. 相似文献
993.
Mélanie Drolet Marc Brisson Kenneth E. Schmader Myron J. Levin Robert Johnson Michael N. Oxman David Patrick Caty Blanchette James A. Mansi 《CMAJ》2010,182(16):1731-1736
Background
Vaccination against herpes zoster is being considered in many countries. We conducted a multicentre prospective study to describe the impact of herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia on health-related quality of life.Methods
From October 2005 to July 2006, 261 outpatients aged 50 years or older with herpes zoster were recruited from the clinical practices of 83 physicians within 14 days after rash onset. The Zoster Brief Pain Inventory was used to measure severity of pain and interference with activities of daily living because of pain. The EuroQol EQ-5D assessment tool was used to measure quality of life. These outcomes were assessed at recruitment and on days 7, 14, 21, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 following recruitment.Results
Acute herpes zoster interfered in all health domains, especially sleep (64% of participants), enjoyment of life (58%) and general activities (53%). The median duration of pain was 32.5 days. The median duration of interference with activities of daily living because of pain varied between 27 and 30 days. Overall, 24% of the participants had postherpetic neuralgia (pain for more than 90 days after rash onset). Anxiety and depression, enjoyment of life, mood and sleep were most frequently affected during the postherpetic neuralgia period. The mean EQ-5D score was 0.59 at enrolment and remained at 0.67 at all follow-up points among participants who reported clinically significant pain.Interpretation
These data support the need for preventive strategies and additional early intervention to reduce the burden of herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia.Herpes zoster, which is characterized by dermatomal pain and vesicular rash,1,2 results from reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus.3,4 The average lifetime risk of herpes zoster in developed countries is estimated to be about 30%5–7 and increases with increasing life expectancy. The most common complication of herpes zoster, and one of the most challenging to treat, is postherpetic neuralgia, a painful condition often defined as pain persisting for more than 90 days after rash onset.8 According to this definition, postherpetic neuralgia is estimated to occur in 8%–27% of people with herpes zoster overall.9–14 The risk of postherpetic neuralgia increases markedly with age.15The Shingles Prevention Study, a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial, showed that a live-attenuated varicella-zoster virus vaccine was safe and effective in preventing herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia among people 60 years of age and older.13 Given these promising results, policy-makers and clinicians are being asked to make recommendations regarding the use and funding of the herpes zoster vaccine. To do this, evidence on the burden of herpes zoster from the patient’s perspective is required. The only data available on the impact of herpes zoster on health-related quality of life comes from two short-term studies.16,17 Clinical reports and cross-sectional surveys18–20 have also suggested that postherpetic neuralgia can profoundly impair quality of life. However, no study followed a cohort of patients with newly diagnosed herpes zoster for a sufficient period to assess postherpetic neuralgia and describe the associated impact on quality of life.We undertook a multicentre prospective study to describe the impact of herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia on health-related quality of life. 相似文献994.
995.
996.
Douglas?C.?TozerEmail author Erica?Nol Kenneth?F.?Abraham 《Wetlands Ecology and Management》2010,18(6):679-693
Both local and landscape-scale habitat variables influence the abundance of wetland breeding birds. Few studies, however,
simultaneously assess the effects of habitat variables at multiple spatial scales or consider effects on reproductive success.
Therefore, we examined the effects of wetland and landscape-scale habitat variables on the abundance of nine breeding bird
species and the effects of nest, wetland, or landscape-scale habitat variables on the nest success, clutch size, or number
of fledglings of four species at 15 cattail (Typha sp.)-dominated wetlands in an agricultural region around Peterborough, Ontario, Canada. The abundance of Least Bittern (Ixobrychus exilis), Common Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus), and Marsh Wren (Cistothorus palustris) increased as wetland water depth increased; the abundance of Common Moorhen and Marsh Wren increased as wetland size increased;
and the abundance of Marsh Wren increased as the amount of wetland in the surrounding landscape increased. Red-winged Blackbird
(Agelaius phoeniceus) nest success decreased as nest cover increased. Clutch sizes were uninfluenced by the habitat variables that we considered.
The number of Red-winged Blackbird fledglings per successful nest increased as wetland size increased and as the amount of
wetland in the surrounding landscape increased. We speculate that food limitation in small wetlands may be responsible for
the pattern in Red-winged Blackbird fledging success. The abundance and nest success of Virginia Rail (Rallus limicola) and Sora (Porzana carolina) were uninfluenced by the habitat variables we considered. Future research should consider mate attraction and productivity
in relation to local and landscape-scale habitat variables for these and other secretive species. Our study suggests that
wetland conservation will be most effective if it considers habitat variables at multiple spatial scales. 相似文献
997.
998.
Jesper Hedal Kløverpris Kenneth Baltzer Per H. Nielsen 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2010,15(1):90-103
Background, aims and scope
Most life cycle inventory data for crops do not include the ultimate (marginal) land use induced by crop consumption. The aims of this study were to present, document and discuss a method which can solve this problem and, furthermore, to present concrete examples for wheat consumption in Brazil, China, Denmark and the USA. A global scope is applied and the simulated adaptation to increased wheat demand corresponds to a long-term temporal scope under present market conditions with present technology. 相似文献999.
Brian C. Shook Stefanie Rassnick Daniel Hall Kenneth C. Rupert Geoffrey R. Heintzelman Kristen Hansen Devraj Chakravarty James L. Bullington Robert H. Scannevin Brian Magliaro Lori Westover Karen Carroll Lisa Lampron Ronald Russell Shawn Branum Kenneth Wells Sandra Damon Scott Youells Xun Li Mel Osbourne Paul F. Jackson 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters》2010,20(9):2864-2867
A novel series of arylindenopyrimidines were identified as A2A and A1 receptor antagonists. The series was optimized for in vitro activity by substituting the 8- and 9-positions with methylene amine substituents. The compounds show excellent activity in mouse models of Parkinson’s disease when dosed orally. 相似文献
1000.
Jiaqiang Cai D. Jonathan Bennett Zoran Rankovic Maureen Dempster Xavier Fradera Jonathan Gillespie Iain Cumming William Finlay Mark Baugh Sylviane Boucharens John Bruin Kenneth S. Cameron William Hamilton Jennifer Kerr Emma Kinghorn George McGarry John Robinson Paul Scullion Joost C.M. Uitdehaag Mario van Zeeland Eric Nicolai 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters》2010,20(15):4447-4450
Starting from previously disclosed equally potent cathepsin K and S inhibitor 4-propyl-6-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile 1, a novel 2-phenyl-9H-purine-6-carbonitrile scaffold was identified to provide potent and selective cathepsin S inhibitors. 相似文献