Pediatrics: Recent Advances in Pediatric Liver Transplantation

The Council on Scientific Affairs of the California Medical Association presents the following inventory of items of progress in pediatrics. Each item, in the judgement of a panel of knowledgeable physicians, has recently become reasonably firmly established, both as to scientific fact and important clinical significance. The items are presented in simple epitome, and an authoritative reference, both to the item itself and to the subject as a whole, is generally given for those who may be unfamiliar with a particular item. The purpose is to assist busy practitioners, students, researchers, and scholars to stay abreast of these items of progress in pediatrics that have recently achieved a substantial degree of authoritative acceptance, whether in their own field of special interest or another.The items of progress listed below were selected by the Advisory Panel to the Section on Pediatrics of the California Medical Association, and the summaries were prepared under its direction.     

Insulin-like growth factor I enhances the formation of type I collagen in hydrocortisone-treated human osteoblasts

We have studied the effect of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) on the formation of osteocalcin and type I collagen in isolated human osteoblasts. IGF-I at and above 0.1 nM stimulated the formation of type I collagen as measured by the type I procollagen carboxyterminal peptide (PICP), in human osteoblasts, incubated for 72 hrs in serumfree conditions. The secretion of osteocalcin was not affected by IGF-I while 1,25(OH)₂ vitamin D₃ significantly enhanced the formation of osteocalcin. When human osteoblast-like cells were incubated with hydrocortisone (1 M), a significant decrease in the release of both PICP and osteocalcin was seen. Addition of IGF-I to human osteoblasts also treated with hydrocortisone normalized the PICP-formation but did not affect the suppressed osteocalcin-formation. These data indicate that IGF-I reverses selective effects of hydrocortisone on bone.     

The effect of pulsed microwaves on passive electrical properties and interspike intervals of snail neurons

The effects of pulsed microwaves (2.45 GHz, 10 μs, 100 pps, SAR: 81.5 kW/kg peak, 81.5 W/kg average) on membrane input resistance and action potential (AP) interval statistics were studied in spontaneously active ganglion neurons of land snails (Helix aspersa), at strictly constant temperature (20.8±.07°C worst case). Statistical comparison with sham-irradiated neurons revealed a significant increase in the mean input resistance of neurons exposed to pulsed microwaves (P ? .05 ). Pulsed microwaves had no visible effect on mean AP firing rate; this observation was confirmed by analysis of interspike intervals (ISIs). Using an integrator model for spontaneously active neurons, we found the net input current to be more variable in neurons exposed to pulsed microwaves. The mean input current was not affected. The standard deviation of ISIs and the autocorrelation of the input current were marginally affected, but these changes were not consistent across neurons. Although the observed effects were less obvious than those reported in other studies, they represent evidence of a direct interaction between neurons and pulsed microwaves, in the absence of macroscopic temperature changes. The data do not suggest a single, specific mechanism for such interaction. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

In situ analysis of centromere segregation in C57BL/6 x Mus spretus interspecific backcrosses

The analysis of major satellite sequence differences between Mus spretus and laboratory mice provides a robust method for analyzing the centromere location for the genetic maps of each mouse chromosome. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of a genomic probe, pMR196, for the laboratory mouse major satellite sequences was used to identify C57BL/6Ros (B6) pericentromeric heterochromatin in progeny of reciprocal backcross matings. These included 80 (B6xM. spretus)F₁xM. spretus progeny (BSS) and 70 (B6xM. spretus)F₁xB6 (BSB) progeny. FISH analysis of pericentromeric heterochromatin was conducted on the same metaphase spreads that were karyotypically analyzed for chromosomespecific banding patterns. Analysis of chromosomal segregation suggested that there was not primary deviation from random assortment during meiosis in the interspecific hybrid female, because nearly all of the 190 pair-wise comparisons did not deviate from expected and because there was no consistent pattern of deviation of the same chromosomes in the reciprocal backcross progeny from similar (C57BL/6xM. spretus)F₁ hybrid females. These results affirm the value of using the major satellite to genetically mark pericentromeric heterochromatin in the analysis of the segregation and assortment of centromeres in Mus interspecific crosses.     

Surgical Treatment of Constipation

A 30-year retrospective review of 544,354 Seattle area hospital admissions yielded 25 patients who underwent surgical therapy for the relief of intractable idiopathic constipation. All patients were refractory to conventional medical treatment consisting of the daily use of laxatives, cathartics, emollients or enemas. Long-term follow-up was available for 13 of the 25 patients. All 13 patients had clinical improvement as a result of the operation. This confirms results reported by other authors. Subtotal colectomy and left hemicolectomy are the procedures generally favored.     

Isolation and amino-terminal sequences of subunits from the photosynthetic reaction center of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata

The amino-terminal sequences have been determined by Edman degradation for the reaction center polypeptides from a carotenoidless mutant of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. Individual polypeptides were isolated by preparative electrophoresis and electroelution. By comparison with the sequences deduced from the DNA (Youvan, D.C., Alberti, M., Begush, H., Bylina, E.J. and Hearst, J.E. (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 189–192) we conclude that the M and L subunits are processed so as to remove the amino-terminal methionine, whereas the H subunit is not processed at the amino-terminus after translation. None of the subunits is synthesized with a significant amino-terminal extension peptide.     

Effect of stimulus strength and adaptation on the thermotactic response of Dictyostelium discoideum pseudoplasmodia

The thermotactic responses of Dictyostelium discoideum strain HL50 and mutants derived from this strain have been characterized by curves of stimulus-strength vs response. With gradient midpoint temperatures of 16 and 24 °C, these curves are typical of those of a single response, i.e., the strength of the response increases with increasing stimulus strength until at some strength the response saturates. However, with a gradient midpoint temperature close to the transition from negative to positive thermotaxis, the sign of the thermotactic response depends on gradient strength. These observations support the hypothesis that the transduction pathways for positive and negative thermotaxis act concurrently and contain separable elements. An investigation of the adaptation of thermotaxis indicated that the stimulus-strength-dependence and midpoint-temperature-dependence of both thermosensory responses was altered by shifting the growth and development temperature.     

Nodulation studies on legumes exotic to Australia: Hedysarum coronarium

Abstract Symbiotic experiments in glasshouse, controlled environment cabinet, and field were conducted with four lines of sulla ( Hedysarum coronarium ) and 15 strains of Rhizobium spp. This plant is highly Rhizobium -specific and appropriate strains are most unlikely to occur naturally in Australia. Under several sets of experimental conditions, H. coronarium nodulated abundantly and effectively with homologous rhizobia introduced from Spain and Italy. The optimum temperature for nitrogen fixation was relatively low (approx. 21°C) but significant interactions between line of host, strain of rhizobia, and growth temperature were frequent. The rhizobia were persistent in soil.     

Effects of estradiol-17β in the male xenopus laevis: Isolation and translation of cytoplasmic messenger rna populations

Summary Total Xenopus liver cytoplasmic RNA isolated following long-term estrogen administration (14 days) was fractioned using Sepharose 4B chromatography. One of the Sepharose 4B peaks was shown to contain RNA with a molecular weight reported for vitellogenin mRNA (34S). The presence of estrogeninduced vitellogenin mRNA in the peak 5 RNA was determined by translation of the RNA in the oocyte and analysis of the oocyte translational products by immunoprecipitation with anti-vitellogenin.Sepharose 4B peaks 2 and 3 were also observed to contain estrogen induced mRNA populations sedimenting between 9-18S. These findings suggest that Sepharose 4B chromatography might prove useful in separating different mRNA populations following estrogen-induced gene activation.