Two genes controlling the expression of extended globoglycolipids in mouse kidney are closely linked to each other on chromosome 19

The gene (Gsl-5) controlling the expression of GL-Y (Gal beta 1-4(Fuc alpha 1-3)GlcNAc beta 1-6(Gal beta 1-3)Gb4Cer) in mouse kidney was suggested to be located near Ea-4 on mouse chromosome 19 by the results of glycolipid analysis of BXD/Ty recombinant inbred strains (Sekine et al. [1987] J. Biochem. 101, 563-568). In this study, Gsl-5 was mapped on mouse chromosome 19. Among 133 backcross progeny produced on mating between DBA/2 mice and (WHT/Ht x DBA/2)F1 mice, 10 recombinants between Lyt-1 and Gsl-5 were detected, indicating that Gsl-5 is located at 7.5 +/- 2.3 centimorgans (cM) from Lyt-1. While among 154 backcross progeny produced on mating between DBA/2 and (DBA/2 x Mus musculus castaneus)F1 mice, 39 recombinants between Got-1 and Gsl-5 were obtained, indicating that the distance between Got-1 and Gsl-5 is 25.3 +/- 3.5 cM and that Gsl-5 is telomeric to Lyt-1. In the latter mating experiment, we detected 3 recombinants between Gsl-5 and the gene (Gsl-6) controlling the expression of the Z1 ganglioside (NeuGc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-3Gb4Cer) among the 154 backcross mice. These results indicate that these two genes, Gsl-5 and Gsl-6, are closely linked to each other, being 1.9 +/- 1.1 cM apart. This is the report of evidence that two genes controlling the expression of carbohydrates in glycoconjugates are closely linked and the first to suggest that some genes controlling the expression of carbohydrates may be clustered.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Altered ganglioside expression in ras-oncogene-transformed cells

Alteration of ganglioside composition in mouse BALB/3T3 cells transformed either by DNA transfection with viral K-, H-, or cellular H-ras oncogene, or by infection with the K-ras oncogene-carrying murine sarcoma virus (Ki-KSV) was studied using a highly sensitive thin-layer chromatography/enzyme immunostaining method. Marked common decreases in the content of GD3 ganglioside and the increase of its metabolic precursor GM3 were bound in BALB/3T3 cell lines transformed by either K- or H-ras oncogenes. Moreover, a common decrease or loss in the contents of "A" series ganglio-tetraose gangliosides such as GM1a and GD1a was also found in all transformed cell lines, indicating that the alteration of cellular glycosphingolipids by ras oncogenes apparently does not depend on the type of ras-concogenes (K- and H-ras).     

Primary structure of rat brain prostaglandin D synthetase deduced from cDNA sequence

The amino acid sequence of rat brain prostaglandin D synthetase (Urade, Y., Fujimoto, N., and Hayaishi, O. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 12410-12415) was determined by a combination of cDNA and protein sequencing. cDNA clones specific for this enzyme were isolated from a lambda gt11 rat brain cDNA expression library. Nucleotide sequence analyses of cloned cDNA inserts revealed that this enzyme consisted of a 564- or 549-base pair open reading frame coding for a 188- or 183-amino acid polypeptide with a Mr of 21,232 or 20,749 starting at the first or second ATG. About 60% of the deduced amino acid sequence was confirmed by partial amino acid sequencing of tryptic peptides of the purified enzyme. The recognition sequence for N-glycosylation was seen at two positions of amino acid residues 51-53 (-Asn-Ser-Ser-) and 78-80 (-Asn-Leu-Thr-) counted from the first Met. Both sites were considered to be glycosylated with carbohydrate chains of Mr 3,000, since two smaller proteins with Mr 23,000 and 20,000 were found during deglycosylation of the purified enzyme (Mr 26,000) with N-glycanase. The prostaglandin D synthetase activity was detected in fusion proteins obtained from lysogens with recombinants coding from 34 and 19 nucleotides upstream and 47 and 77 downstream from the first ATG, indicating that the glycosyl chain and about 20 amino acid residues of N terminus were not essential for the enzyme activity. The amino acid composition of the purified enzyme indicated that about 20 residues of hydrophobic amino acids of the N terminus are post-translationally deleted, probably as a signal peptide. These results, together with the immunocytochemical localization of this enzyme to rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and other nuclear membrane of oligodendrocytes (Urade, Y., Fujimoto, N., Kaneko, T., Konishi, A., Mizuno, N., and Hayaishi, O. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 15132-15136) suggest that this enzyme is a membrane-associated protein.     

Amino acid residues stabilizing a Bacillus alpha-amylase against irreversible thermoinactivation

The alpha-amylase of Bacillus licheniformis (BLA) is stable and active at high temperature. More than 80% of its activity is retained after heat treatment at 90 degrees C for 30 min, and the optimum temperature for its activity is 80-85 degrees C. In contrast, the alpha-amylase of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BAA), the amino acid sequence of which shows 80% homology with that of BLA, is rapidly inactivated at 90 degrees C. Various chimeric genes were constructed from the structural genes for the two enzymes, and their products were analyzed for stability as to irreversible thermoinactivation. Two regions in the amino acid sequence of BLA comprising Gln178 (region I) and the 255th-270th residues (region II), respectively, were shown to determine the thermostability of BLA. Region I plays a major role in determining the thermostability. By means of site-directed mutagenesis of the BAA gene, deletion of Arg176 and Gly177 in region I and substitutions of alanine for Lys269 and aspartic acid for Asn266 in region II were shown to be responsible for the enhancement of the thermostability. Mutant BAAs containing the above deletion and substitutions showed almost the same thermostability as BLA as to irreversible thermoinactivation. Nevertheless, the mutant BAAs showed a temperature optimum as low as that of BAA (65 degrees C), indicating that they are still susceptible to reversible inactivation at temperatures higher than 65 degrees C.     

Deletion of a phenylalanine in the N-terminal region of human cytochrome P-450(17 alpha) results in partial combined 17 alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency

Steroid 17 alpha-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities reside within the same polypeptide chain (cytochrome P-450(17 alpha)), and consequently human 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiencies are characterized by defects in either or both of these activities. Human mutants having these deficiencies represent an excellent source of material for investigation of P-450(17 alpha) structure-function relationships. The CYP17 gene from an individual having partial combined 17 alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency has been characterized structurally and the homozygous mutation found to be the deletion of the phenylalanine codon (TTC) at either amino acid position 53 or 54 in exon 1. Reconstruction of this mutation into a human P-450(17 alpha) cDNA followed by expression in COS 1 cells led to production of the same amount of immunodetectable P-450(17 alpha) protein as found with expression of the normal human P-450(17 alpha) cDNA. However, 17 alpha-hydroxylase activity of this mutant protein measured in intact cells was less than 37% of that observed upon expression of the wild-type enzyme, whereas 17,20-lyase activity of the mutant was less than 8% of that observed with the normal enzyme. When estimated in intact cells, the Km for 17 alpha-hydroxylation of progesterone was increased by a factor of 2 in the mutant enzyme, whereas the Vmax was reduced by a factor of 3. In order to estimate the kinetic parameters for the 17,20-lyase reaction, microsomes were isolated from transfected COS 1 cells to enrich for this activity. Surprisingly, the specific activity of the mutant 17 alpha-hydroxylase in microsomes was 3-fold less than that observed in intact cells, indicating that the structure of mutant P-450(17 alpha) was dramatically altered upon disruption of COS 1 cells. Apparently the deletion of a single phenylalanine in the N-terminal region of P-450(17 alpha) alters its folding in such a way that both enzymatic activities are dramatically decreased, leading to the partial combined deficiency observed in this individual.     

The last three consecutive epidermal growth factor-like structures of human thrombomodulin comprise the minimum functional domain for protein C-activating cofactor activity and anticoagulant activity

We have identified a minimum functional domain of human thrombomodulin for anticoagulant activity using deletion analysis. Four mutants were constructed by site-directed deletion mutagenesis to delete one or more epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like structures from the domain of human thrombomodulin containing six repeated EGF-like structures. These deletion mutants were expressed transiently in COS-1 cells, and their protein C-activating cofactor activities in the culture medium were examined. One mutant protein, E456, which contains the fourth, fifth, and sixth EGF-like structures expresses apparent cofactor activity. However, neither E456-N24 (24 NH2-terminal-residue deletion) nor E456-C16 (16 COOH-terminal-residue deletion) have cofactor activity. E456 was partially purified and its anticoagulant effects on plasma clotting time and platelet aggregation examined. E456 expressed almost the same anticoagulant activities as D123 which contains six consecutive EGF-like structures of thrombomodulin. It was concluded that E456 is the minimum functional domain for both protein C-activating cofactor activity and anticoagulant activity.     

Pre-Golgi degradation of newly synthesized T-cell antigen receptor chains: intrinsic sensitivity and the role of subunit assembly

The T cell antigen receptor (TCR) is a multisubunit complex composed of at least seven transmembrane chains. The predominant species in most T cells has the composition alpha beta gamma delta epsilon zeta 2. The roles of subunit assembly in transport out of the ER and in the recently described process of pre-Golgi degradation of newly synthesized TCR chains were analyzed in a T-cell line deficient in the synthesis of delta chains (delta 2) and in COS-1 fibroblasts transfected with genes encoding individual TCR chains. Studies with the delta-deficient T-cell line showed that, in the absence of delta, the other TCR chains were synthesized at normal rates, but, instead of being transported to the cell surface, they were retained in the ER. Analysis of the fate of TCR chains retained in the ER showed that they were degraded at vastly different rates by a nonlysosomal pathway. Whereas the alpha chains were degraded rapidly, gamma, zeta, and epsilon were relatively long-lived. To analyze whether this selective degradation was because of different intrinsic susceptibility of the individual chains to degradation or to the formation of resistant oligomers, TCR chains were expressed alone or in combinations in COS-1 fibroblasts. These studies showed that (a) individual TCR chains were degraded at different rates when expressed alone in COS-1 cells, and (b) sensitive chains could be stabilized by coexpression with a resistant chain. Taken together, these observations indicate that both intrinsic sensitivity and subunit assembly play a role in determining the rates at which newly synthesized TCR chains are degraded in the ER.     

Inhibitory effect of anti-class II antibody on the spontaneous activation of B cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Analysis with IL-1 production and IL-1 receptor expression

The mechanism of the spontaneous activation of B cells in patients with SLE was analyzed from the standpoint of the production of IL-1 from B cells and the expression of IL-1R on B cells. SLE B cells spontaneously produced IL-1-like factors which stimulated murine thymocyte proliferative responses. Their m.w. was about 17,000 and their isoelectric point was 4.8. The IL-1-like activity produced by B cells was absorbed with rabbit anti-IL-1 alpha antibody, but not with anti-IL-1 beta antibody. The differentiation of SLE B cells was enhanced by rIL-1 alpha, beta or IL-1-like factors produced by SLE B cells in a concentration-dependent manner. SLE B cells expressed large number of IL-1R detected by FITC-conjugated IL-1 alpha. By a Percoll gradient density centrifugation, IL-1-producing cells and B cells responsive to IL-1 were enriched in a higher density fraction, but were reduced in a lower density fraction. IL-1R-positive B cells were enriched in the lower density fraction, but were depleted in the higher density fraction. However, the expression of IL-1R on the lower density B cells was reduced by 2-day culture. The expression of IL-1R on the higher density B cells was increased during a 2-day culture. Anti-class II antibody inhibited the production of IL-1R on the higher density B cells. These results suggest that the cellular interaction among B precursor cells mediated by class II Ag induces the production of IL-1 and the expression of its receptors on their surface and the interaction between IL-1 and its receptors stimulates B precursor cells to spontaneously differentiate into Ig-producing cells as an autocrine mechanism in patients with SLE.     

Aneuploidy induction in human fibroblasts: comparison with results in Syrian hamster fibroblasts

The susceptibility of human fibroblast cells in culture to neoplastic transformation by chemical carcinogens is appreciably lower than that of rodent fibroblasts. We have proposed that a key step in the neoplastic progression of Syrian hamster embryo fibroblasts is the induction of aneuploidy by carcinogens. It is possible that the different sensitivity to neoplastic transformation of Syrian hamster versus human cells is due to a difference in genetic stability following treatment with chemicals inducing aneuploidy. Therefore, we measured the induction of numerical chromosome changes in normal human fibroblasts and Syrian hamster fibroblasts by 4 specific aneuploidogens. Dose- and time-dependent studies were performed. Nondisjunction, resulting in aneuploid cells with a near-diploid chromosome number, in up to 14-28% of the hamster cells was induced by colcemid (0.1 microgram/ml), vincristine (30 ng/ml), diethylstilbestrol (DES) (1 microgram/ml) or 17 beta-estradiol (10 micrograms/ml). In contrast, human cells displayed far fewer aneuploid (near-diploid) cells, i.e., 8% following treatment with colcemid (0.02 micrograms/ml) or vincristine (10 ng/ml) and only 3% following treatment with DES (6 micrograms/ml) or 17 beta-estradiol (20 micrograms/ml). The doses at which the maximum effect was observed are given. Treatment of human cells induced a higher incidence of cells with a near-tetraploid chromosome number, which was similar to the level observed in treated hamster cells except at the highest doses. These results indicate that human cells respond differently from hamster cells to agents that induce aneuploidy. In particular, nondisjunction yielding aneuploid human fibroblasts with a near-diploid chromosome number was less frequent. The magnitude of the observed species differences varied with different chemicals. The difference in aneuploidy induction may contribute, in part, to species differences in susceptibility of fibroblasts to neoplastic transformation.