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171.
The absorption of nitrous oxide(N2O) during unidirectional flowwas compared with the rate of uptake of nitric oxide (NO). At flowrates of 10, 20, and 60 ml/min from one nostril to the other, with thesoft palate closed, the N2Oreached a steady-state rate of absorption in 5-15 min. The meansuperficial capillary blood flow (n = 5) calculated from solubility and the steady-state rate ofN2O absorption ranged from 13.3 to15.9 ml/min. The relation between absorption ofN2O in the nose and capillaryblood flow fits a ventilation-perfusion model used by others todescribe uptake of inert, soluble gases in the rat nose. By contrast,the rate of uptake of NO gas, which is chemically reactive, is25-31 times as great as predicted by just its blood-to-airpartition coefficient. Exogenous NO (16.9 parts/million) did not induce nasal vasodilation as measured with laser Doppler andN2O absorption methods. Thedifference between the measured rate of uptake of NO and the rate ofuptake attributable to its partition coefficient in blood at the rateof blood flow calculated from N2Ouptake is probably due to chemical reaction of NO in mucous secretions, nasal tissues, and capillary blood. 相似文献
172.
Sociality, Mate Choice, and Timing of Mating in American Bison (Bison bison): Effects of Large Males 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
R. Terry Bowyer Vernon C. Bleich† Xavier Manteca‡ Jericho C. Whiting & Kelley M. Stewart 《Ethology : formerly Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie》2007,113(11):1048-1060
We studied group size, composition, and mating activities in American bison (Bison bison) during rut on the Delta Junction Bison Range in interior Alaska, USA, in 1996 and 1997. Our purpose was to determine the effects of large males (≥5 yr old) on mating and associated activities. Groups with large males were larger than those containing smaller males. Most groups of bison were mixed‐sex (90%), but large males occurred in only one‐half of all groups. Moreover, females in groups with large males were more likely to copulate than those in groups with smaller males, indicating a female preference for large males. Nevertheless, our results are consistent with large males seeking out adult females for mating rather than vice versa. Mating peaked in mid‐August during both the study years and was highly synchronous. Scent marking was coincident with mating, an outcome consistent with a hypothesis of such behavior triggering ovulation. Scent marking by large male bison occurred in both male–male and male–female contexts, but was associated most often with sexual activities. No differences in group size occurred with changes in weather or among vegetation types occupied by bison. Group size of bison, however, was larger with increasing distance from the forest edge, which likely was a response to predation risk in this predator‐rich environment. 相似文献
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Marine tetrapod clades (e.g. seals, whales) independently adapted to marine life through the Mesozoic and Caenozoic, and provide iconic examples of convergent evolution. Apparent morphological convergence is often explained as the result of adaptation to similar ecological niches. However, quantitative tests of this hypothesis are uncommon. We use dietary data to classify the feeding ecology of extant marine tetrapods and identify patterns in skull and tooth morphology that discriminate trophic groups across clades. Mapping these patterns onto phylogeny reveals coordinated evolutionary shifts in diet and morphology in different marine tetrapod lineages. Similarities in morphology between species with similar diets—even across large phylogenetic distances—are consistent with previous hypotheses that shared functional constraints drive convergent evolution in marine tetrapods. 相似文献
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The recent increase in corn ethanol production has drawn attention to the environmental sustainability of biofuel production. Environmental assessments of second‐generation biofuel crops (SGBC) have focused primarily on greenhouse gas emissions and water quality. However, expanding the production of cellulosic biomass resources, especially those that require dedicated agricultural land, is also likely to have impacts on biodiversity. We developed an optimization framework for projecting the spatial pattern of SGBC expansion in the United States and intersected these predictions with occurrence data for at‐risk species. In particular, we focused on two candidate perennial grass feedstocks, Panicum virgatum (switchgrass), and Miscanthus × giganteus (Miscanthus). Tradeoffs between biodiversity and economic profitability are assessed using county level data sets of SGBC yield, agricultural land availability, land rents, and at‐risk species occurrences. Results show that future SGBC expansion is likely to occur outside of the Corn Belt, where conventional biofuel feedstocks are currently grown. The set of at‐risk species that could potentially be impacted is therefore likely to be different from the at‐risk species prevalent in the agroecological landscapes of the Upper Midwest that are dominated by corn and soy production. The total number and type of potentially impacted taxa is influenced by several factors, including the total demand for cellulosic biomass, the type of agricultural land used for production, and the method for defining at‐risk species. SGBC production is also concentrated in fewer counties when a national species conservation constraint is combined with a biofuel production mandate. This analysis provides a foundation for future research on species conservation in bioenergy production landscapes and highlights the importance of incorporating biodiversity into broader environmental assessments of biofuel sustainability. 相似文献
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Erin J. Starzyk Michele A. Kelley Rachel N. Caskey Alan Schwartz Joan F. Kennelly Robert C. Bailey 《PloS one》2015,10(1)