Age‐related memory vulnerability to interfering stimuli is caused by gradual loss of MAPK‐dependent protection in Drosophila

Age‐related memory impairment (AMI) is a common phenomenon across species. Vulnerability to interfering stimuli has been proposed to be an important cause of AMI. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this vulnerability‐related AMI remain unknown. Here we show that learning‐activated MAPK signals are gradually lost with age, leading to vulnerability‐related AMI in Drosophila. Young flies (2‐ or 3‐day‐old) exhibited a significant increase in phosphorylated MAPK levels within 15 min after learning, whereas aged flies (25‐day‐old) did not. Compared to 3‐day‐old flies, significant 1 h memory impairments were observed in 15‐, 20‐, and 30‐day‐old flies, but not in 10‐day‐old flies. However, with post‐learning interfering stimuli such as cooling or electric stimuli, 10‐day‐old flies had worse memory performance at 1 h than 3‐day‐old flies, showing a premature AMI phenomenon. Increasing learning‐activated MAPK signals through acute transgene expression in mushroom body (MB) neurons restored physiological trace of 1 h memory in a pair of MB output neurons in aged flies. Decreasing such signals in young flies mimicked the impairment of 1 h memory trace in aged flies. Restoring learning‐activated MAPK signals in MB neurons in aged flies significantly suppressed AMI even with interfering stimuli. Thus, our data suggest that age‐related loss of learning‐activated neuronal MAPK signals causes memory vulnerability to interfering stimuli, thereby leading to AMI.     

男性尿道炎尿道多形核白细胞与沙眼衣原体和淋病奈瑟菌感染临床相关性分析

目的：沙眼衣原体和淋病奈瑟氏球菌是引起泌尿生殖系统尿道炎疾病常见的致病菌。临床化验一般采用美蓝染色检查男性尿道多形核白细胞或病原微生物阳性可提示尿道炎症状,指导临床的早期治疗。在缺乏临床症状体征和尿道多形核白细胞的情况下,临床的治疗将是不同的。本研究采用美兰染色检查男性尿道炎患者多形核白细胞数量、沙眼衣原体抗原和淋病奈瑟氏球菌培养,评价非淋菌性尿道炎和淋病的临床意义。方法：3,000例性病患者的尿道分泌物进行美兰涂片染色镜检,衣原体抗原检测和淋病奈瑟氏球菌染色镜检和培养。结果：3,000例性病患者中,387例患者（12.9%）沙眼衣原体抗原阳性。 在沙眼衣原体患者中,242例（62.5%）≥5个多形核白细胞, 59例（15.2%）为1~4个多形核白细胞,86例（22.2%）为0个多形核白细胞,其中36例患者（9.3%）无症状,141例患者（36.4%）无体征。415例（13.8%）淋病奈瑟氏球菌阳性,在淋病患者中,397例（95.7%）≥5个多形核白细胞, 10例（2.4%）1~4个多形核白细胞, 8例（1.9%）为0个多形核白细胞,其中5例（1.2%）患者无症状, 46例(11.1%)无体征。86例沙眼衣原体和淋病奈瑟氏球菌合并感染的患者中,76例阳性患者≥5个多形核白细胞,5例阳性患者为1~4个多形核白细胞, 5例阳性患者无多形核白细胞。结论：本研究分析了尿道炎患者尿道多形核白细胞,沙眼衣原体和淋球菌感染的相互之间的关系,男性尿道炎患者尿道多形核白细胞数量与沙眼衣原体感染和淋球菌感染存在明显的差异（P<0.001）。86例（22.2%）沙眼衣原体感染和8例（1.2%）淋病患者的尿道中无多形核白细胞。因此,加强临床与实验室诊断可提高男性尿道炎的诊断和控制性病的传播。     

Detection and Quantification of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum Race 1 in Plants and Soil by Real-time PCR

Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon) is the most serious soil-borne disease in the world and has become the main limiting factor of watermelon production. Reliable and quick detection and quantification of Fon are essential in the early stages of infection for control of watermelon Fusarium wilt. Traditional detection and identification tests are laborious and cannot efficiently quantify Fon isolates. In this work, a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay has been described to accurately identify and quantify Fon in watermelon plants and soil. The FONRT-18 specific primer set which was designed based on identified specific sequence amplified a specific 172 bp band from Fon and no amplification from the other formae speciales of Fusarium oxysporum tested. The detection limits with primers were 1.26 pg/μl genomic DNA of Fon, 0.2 pg/ng total plant DNA in inoculated plant, and 50 conidia/g soil. The PCR assay could also evaluate the relationships between the disease index and Fon DNA quantity in watermelon plants and soil. The assay was further used to estimate the Fon content in soil after disinfection with CaCN₂. The real-time PCR method is rapid, accurate and reliable for monitoring and quantification analysis of Fon in watermelon plants and soil. It can be applied to the study of disease diagnosis, plant-pathogen interactions, and effective management.     

3种鲤科鱼β珠蛋白基因的比较研究

根据 β珠蛋白的N末端和C末端氨基酸序列的保守性设计 2 0bp长的简并引物 ,用RT PCR方法扩增并克隆了鲤、草鱼、鲫的 β珠蛋白基因cDNA。结果显示克隆 3种鱼的 β珠蛋白基因cDNA全长为 4 4 1bp。对它们所编码的氨基酸序列的比较可以看出虽然它们都属于鲤科但氨基酸的组成却有较大的差异。根据所克隆的cDNA分别设计特异引物用PCR方法克隆了 3种鱼的基因组DNA全长 ;从起始密码子到终止密码子的长度分别为鲤 6 6 7bp、草鱼6 2 9bp、鲫 6 6 7bp。 3种鱼中均含有 3个外显子和 2个内含子且内含子的插入位置相同。内含子的碱基序列差异很大。鲫与鲤内含子 1和 2的长度完全相同 ,而与草鱼的内含子长度则相差较大。     

野生香料植物小鱼仙草资源开发利用

利用GC -MS -DC及计算机联用技术对小鱼仙草全草挥发油的成分进行分析研究 ,结果表明小鱼仙草挥发油主要成分为 :香荆芥酚 ,百里香酚、1,8-桉叶油素、侧柏酮、丁香烯、草烯和檀香烯等。不同产地 ,其挥发油成分存在一定的相似性 ,又具有较大差异。种子油中含有大量人体必需不饱和脂肪酸 :亚麻酸、油酸和亚油酸等 ,其种子油和种子具有较高的营养价值 ,值得进一步开发利用。其挥发油在香精香料、医药、化妆品等行业具有广大开发利用前景     

重组葡激酶和水蛭素融合蛋白的血栓靶向性机制

为解释以凝血因子Xa(FXa)的识别序列为连接肽的葡激酶和水蛭素的融合蛋白(命名为SFH)在体内的强溶栓和低出血的特征,研究分析了SFH的两个血栓靶向性作用机理.首先采用ELISA和免疫组化的方法在体外分析了由水蛭素游离的C末端赋予的SFH对血栓的靶向性,结果显示SFH对凝血酶和富含凝血酶的血栓具有更高的亲和力.为阐明SFH抗凝活性在血栓部位的靶向性释放,构建表达了仅在水蛭素N末端连接FXa识别序列的水蛭素衍生物(命名为FH).体外试验结果表明完整的FH无抗凝活性,在体内FH可以发挥抗栓作用,且出血副作用较低,这些结果说明FXa的识别序列可以封闭水蛭素的抗凝活性,在体内FH可以由于FXa的成功裂解而释放其抗凝活性,且其抗凝活性可能仅局限于血栓局部.这就间接说明了SFH的抗凝活性可以在血栓局部进行靶向性释放.以上两个血栓靶向性作用机理是SFH在体内发挥更高溶栓效率和降低出血副作用的重要机制.     

鄂尔多斯高原西部几种荒漠灌丛群落种间联结关系的研究

采用ＰＣ、ＰＣＣ、ＡＣ、Ｘ２和ｒ等公式对鄂尔多斯高原西部５种典型荒漠灌丛群落种间联结系数的求算,通过这些种间的相互关系,阐述了这些物种对生境要求的差异和分布特点,本文的研究结果对与建立在种群关系基础上的荒漠植被的研究具有重要的意义。     

卡维地洛对老年慢性心肾综合征患者血浆IL-6、IL-10水平的影响

目的:观察卡维地洛对慢性心衰合并肾功能不全(CRS)患者血浆IL-6、IL-10水平的影响。方法:将2011~2012年我院收治的60例CRS患者采用数字表分组法随机分为对照组和治疗组两组,对照组仅给予常规心力衰竭治疗,治疗组在接受常规心力衰竭治疗的基础上加用卡维地洛直至目标剂量。治疗6个月后比较两组患者的心功能、肾功能和血浆IL-6、IL-10的水平。结果:治疗6个月后,治疗组LVEDD、LVESD较治疗前明显缩小(P0.05),且明显小于对照组(P0.05),而LVEF比治疗前明显升高(P0.05),也明显高于对照组(P0.05);治疗组的血浆BUN、Cr和IL-6水平均较治疗前显著降低(P0.05),且均明显低于对照组(P0.05),血浆IL-10有上升趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗前后,对照组以上指标比较差别均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论:卡维地洛辅助治疗可显著降低CRS患者血浆IL-6水平,对血浆IL-10的影响不明显。     

Redox regulation of plant stem cell fate

Despite the importance of stem cells in plant and animal development, the common mechanisms of stem cell maintenance in both systems have remained elusive. Recently, the importance of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) signaling in priming stem cell differentiation has been extensively studied in animals. Here, we show that different forms of reactive oxygen species (ROS) have antagonistic roles in plant stem cell regulation, which were established by distinct spatiotemporal patterns of ROS‐metabolizing enzymes. The superoxide anion () is markedly enriched in stem cells to activate WUSCHEL and maintain stemness, whereas H₂O₂ is more abundant in the differentiating peripheral zone to promote stem cell differentiation. Moreover, H₂O₂ negatively regulates biosynthesis in stem cells, and increasing H₂O₂ levels or scavenging leads to the termination of stem cells. Our results provide a mechanistic framework for ROS‐mediated control of plant stem cell fate and demonstrate that the balance between and H₂O₂ is key to stem cell maintenance and differentiation.