Gene organization of chloroplast DNA from the broad bean Vicia faba

Summary Six protein genes have been mapped on broad bean chloroplast DNA by Southern hybridization using the tobacco chloroplast genes as probes. In broad bean chloroplast DNA, the genes for the and subunits of proton-translocating ATPase and the 32,000 dalton thylakoid membrane protein are located near the large subunit gene of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. The gene for the subunit of proton-translocating ATPase is distantly located from the and genes. The gene for the ribosomal protein CS19 was found close to the ribosomal RNA operon. The gene organization of broad bean chloroplast DNA is therefore quite different from that of tobacco chloroplast DNA. The nucleotide sequence of the spacer region between the large subunit and the genes of the broad bean has been determined. Conserved sequences are found among the putative promoter regions of the chloroplast protein genes.     

High degree of homology of the deduced protein structures of the tetracycline-resistance determinants between Bacillus subtilis plasmid pNS1981 and Staphylococcus aureus plasmid pTP5

The Protein Journal - The amino acid sequences of the tetracycline-resistance (Tcr) determinants of Bacillus subtilis plasmid pNS1981 and Staphylococcus aureus plasmid pTP5 have been deduced from...     

The application of immunoperoxidase staining for the detection of causative fungi in tissue specimens of mycosis I

This study was performed in order to identify the fungi of four species (Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium anthophilum, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans) in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections by the indirect method of immunoperoxidase staining. Mature albino rabbits were immunized by formalin-killed organisms. The antibodies were prepared by precipitation at a 50% saturation of ammonium sulfate and were checked for cross-reactivities by Ouchterlony's double immunodiffusion and precipitin test. The immunoperoxidase staining was applied to the paraffin-embedded tissue sections of infected mice, human autopsy and biopsy specimens. Although each fungus was stained clearly the cell wall, cross-reactivities appeared among them, however it was possible to identify four fungi by absorption and dilution of the antisera.     

Comparison of enzyme phenotypes in human bladder tumours and experimentally induced hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions of the rat urinary bladder

The expression of a number of enzymes involved in drug metabolism, membrane function etc. was compared in hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions of the rat bladder and in human bladder tumours. Transitional cell carcinomas (TCC) in both rat and Man were characterized by decreased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and increased gammaglutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), β-glucuronidase (β-Gl), succinate dehydrogenase (SD) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activities. In addition, binding for antibodies specific for different cytochrome P-450 species (UT₅₀, PB_3a, MC₁, MC₂) and microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEHb) was elevated in both murine and human tumours. Comparison of the enzyme phenotype in hyperplastic lesions induced by freeze ulceration or uracil administration with that in preneoplastic papillary or nodular hyperplasia (PNH) and TCC suggested, however, that most of the alteration in enzyme content or activity was non-specific and related to requirements for epithelial cell proliferation. On the other hand, the decreased ALP, and increased GGT and β - Gl activity appeared more directly related to neoplastic transformation. The results suggested that qualitative differences exist between reactive hyperplasia and preneoplastic or neoplastic lesions in the urinary bladder. The finding of increased cytochrome P-450, in clear contrast to the reduction characteristic of preneoplastic hepatic lesions, may be important with regard to the observed difference in neoplastic transformation between the bladder and liver in response to drug metabolising enzyme inducers. Supported by Grants-in-aid for Cancer Research and a Comprehensive 10 Year Strategy for Cancer Control from the Ministry of Health and Welfare, for Cancer Research and Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, and by a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft     

Chemotaxonomic characterization of a radiotolerant bacterium, Arthrobacter radiotolerans: Description of Rubrobacter radiotolerans gen. nov., comb. nov.

Abstract The chemotaxonomic characteristics of Arthrobacter radiotolerans were investigated. The species possesses a peptidoglycan based on l -lysine (variation A3α) and a DNA base composition of 67.9 mol% G + C. The cellular fatty acids were primarily of the methyl branched types with 12-methyl-hexadecanoic acid as the predominant component. The major isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone with eight isoprene units and the polar lipids consisted of four phospholipids, one phosphoglycolipid and one glycolipid. On the basis of chemical characteristics it is suggested that Arthrobacter radiotolerans be reclassified in a new genus Rubrobacter , as Rubrobacter radiotolerans comb. nov.     

Genetic characterization of dipeptidase activity modifiers inDrosophila melanogaster from natural populations

An examination of Drosophila melanogaster from natural populations revealed genetic variation for dipeptidase-A (DIP-A) and dipeptidase-B (DIP-B) activities within sets of lines that differed from one another only in the second or the third chromosome. Analyses of diallel crosses indicate that both activities are inherited additively, and coordinate control of expression is suggested by the significant positive correlation between the two activities. Electrophoresis and thermal denaturation studies failed to detect structural differences among lines with different levels of DIP-A activity. No characteristic level of activity could be associated with any DIP-A allozyme. Mapping experiments revealed the presence of activity modifiers that are in tight linkage with the structural gene, as well as those that manifest their effects from a distance. The maximum genetic distance between a high-activity effect on DIP-A and the structural gene was determined to be 0.029 map unit. These results are in accordance with the prevalence of activity modifiers for various enzymes in Drosophila melanogaster.     

Medullary reticular neurons in the Japanese toad: morphologies and excitatory inputs from the optic tectum

1. To elucidate the neural mechanisms that mediate visual responses of optic tectum (OT) to medullary and spinal motor systems, we analyzed medullary reticular neurons in paralyzed Japanese toads (Bufo japonicus). We examined their responses to electrical stimulation of OT, and stained some neurons intracellularly. Responses to stimulation of the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) were also analyzed. 2. Extracellular single unit recording revealed excitatory responses of medullary neurons to OT and IX stimulation. Among 92 units encountered, 79 responded to OT stimuli, 10 to IX stimuli, and 3 to both. Some units responded to successive stimuli of short intervals with relatively stable lags. 3. Intracellular recording and staining experiments revealed morphologies of reticular neurons that received excitatory inputs from OT. Thirteen units were identified after complete reconstruction of somata and dendrites. Neurons in the nucleus reticularis medius received excitatory inputs from bilateral OT. They had wide dendrites in ventral, ventrolateral and lateral funiculi, and single axons descending in the ipsilateral ventral funiculus as far caudally as the cervical spinal cord. Some collaterals of these axons projected directly to the hypoglossal and spinal motor nuclei. Some neurons in other medullary nuclei (nuc. reticularis superior, pretrigeminal nucleus, nuc. reticularis inferior, and nuc. tractus spinalis nervi trigemini) also responded to the OT stimulation. 4. Activities in bilateral OT converge onto medullary reticular neurons, which may directly control medullary and spinal motor systems.     

Rhythmic electromyographic activities of trunk muscles characterize the sexual behavior in the Himé salmon (landlocked sockeye salmon,Oncorhynchus nerka)

Summary In order to describe precisely the fixed action patterns of salmon sexual behavior, we recorded the electromyographic (EMG) activities of trunk and jaw muscles from freely behaving male and female Himé salmon (landlocked sockeye salmon,Oncorhynchus nerka). A series of action patterns (quivering and spawning act in males, digging, covering, prespawning act and spawning act in females, and the swimming and turning movements in both sexes) were characterized by rhythmic activities of the trunk muscles. Each of these activity patterns is quantitatively distinct from the others in such parameters as frequency, bout duration, duty value, intersegmental phase delay, and spatial distribution of rhythmic activities. However, all of these rhythms share a qualitatively homologous pattern with the forward swimming movement: rhythmic activities alternate on both sides of the body (bilateral coupling) and are posteriorly propagated (intersegmental coupling). In addition, a 31 intersegmental phase coupling occurs in the most anterior trunk muscles during the spawning act in some males. Based on these observations, we discussed the biomechanics for these motor patterns (oviposition, ejaculation, body vibration, and mouth opening), and the neural mechanisms for the pattern generation. A possibility was pointed out that the locomotor pattern generator in the spinal cord may be modulated by descending supraspinal signals and recruited to generate such diverse forms of action patterns in sexual behavior.Abbreviations CPG central pattern generator - EMG electromyography - AC adductor mandibulae (cephalic portion) - AM adductor mandibulae (mandibular portion) - DO dilator operculi - GH geniohyoideus - LAP levator arcus palatitni - LPe musculus lateralis profundus (epaxial portion) - LPh musculus lateralis profundus (hypaxial portion) - LS musculus lateralis superficialis - PD protractor dorsalis - PI protractor ischii - RD retractor dorsalis - RI retractor ischii     

Heterotypic induction of stomach-like glands in the urogenital sinus endoderm under the influence of stomach mesenchyme of foetal rats

Summary Urogenital sinus endoderm of 16.5-day rat foetuses was combined with stomach mesenchyme and the recombinants were either treated with testosterone and grown in vitro or cultured beneath the kidney capsule of adult male rats of the same strain. It was found that testosterone stimulated mitosis in the urogenital endoderm. In recombinants grown under the kidney capsule a stratified squamous epithelium and stomach-like glands were induced under the influence of the forestomach and glandular stomach mesenchymes. However, the induced glands expressed neither rat pepsinogen nor rat ventral prostatic antigen. They did not produce mRNA for the prostatic steroid-binding protein C1. Thus, stomach mesenchyme of rat foetuses induces organ-specific morphogenesis but not functional differentiation in the heterologous endoderm, indicating that cytodifferentiation does not always accompany morphogenesis.