Polymerization of deoxyhemoglobin CHarlem (β6 Glu → Val, β73 Asp → Asn): The effect of β73 asparagine on the gelation and crystallization of hemoglobin

The kinetics of aggregation and the solubility of deoxy Hb2 C_Harlem (α₂β₂ 6 Val, 73 Asn) in concentrated phosphate buffers were studied in comparison with those of deoxy Hb S and deoxy Hb A. Deoxy Hb C_Harlem aggregated with a clear exhibition of a delay time. The length of the delay and aggregation times and the degree of the aggregation depended upon the initial hemoglobin concentration.The initial hemoglobin concentration required for the aggregation of deoxy Hb C_Harlem was approximately 200% of its solubility, a value much higher than that required for the aggregation of deoxy Hb S (120%). With the same hemoglobin concentration, the delay time for the aggregation of deoxy Hb C_Harlem was approximately 100 times longer than that of deoxy Hb S. The logarithmic plotting of the delay time versus hemoglobin concentration in 1.8 m-phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) showed linear lines with a slope (n) of 4.0 for deoxy Hb C_Harlem. In contrast to the results for the aggregation of deoxy Hb S, n values for deoxy Hb C_Harlem were unchanged with phosphate concentrations varying from 1.2 m to 2.0 m. The solubilities of deoxy Hb S and deoxy Hb C_Harlem were increased exponentially by lowering the pH of the medium, with the increase being more conspicuous for Hb C_Harlem. The gels (or aggregates) of Hb C_Harlem were converted to crystals at a rate much faster than were those of Hb A and Hb S. The kinetics for gelation and crystallization of deoxy Hb C_Harlem can be explained by the following scheme, where nuclei G and nuclei C are formed before gelation and crystallization, respectively. Monomenc deoxy Hb

The hemoglobin concentration required for the crystallization of deoxy Hb C_Harlem was about ten times lower than that required for deoxy Hb A. The solubility of deoxy Hb C_Harlem after aggregation was about twice that of deoxy Hb S, suggesting that the substitution of Asn for Asp at the β73 residue inhibits the formation of nuclei G and accelerates the formation of nuclei C.     

The concentrations and thermodynamic activities of cations in intact Bryopsis chloroplasts

The internal cation levels of chloroplasts isolated from a green sea alga, Bryopsis maxima, were studied. Atomic absorption spectroscopy, combined with the determination of the sorbitol-impermeable and water-permeable spaces, revealed that chloroplasts contain an extremely high concentration of K⁺ and high levels of Na⁺, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺. A method was developed to estimate the thermodynamic activities of monovalent and divalent cations present in chloroplasts. pH changes induced by the addition of an ionophore (plus an H⁺ carrier), which makes the outer limiting membranes of chloroplasts permeable to both a cation and H⁺, were determined. Provided that the external pH was set equal to the internal pH, the internal concentration of the cation was estimated by determining the external cation concentration which gave rise to no electrochemical potential difference of the cation and hence no pH change on addition of the ionophore. The internal pH was determined by measuring distributions of radioactive methylamine and 5,5-dimethyloxazolidine-2,4-dione between the chloroplast and medium (Heldt, H.W., Werdan, K., Milovancev, M. and Geller, G. (1973) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 314, 224–241). The internal pH was also estimated by measuring pH changes caused by the disruption of the outer limiting membrane with Triton X-100. The results indicate that a significant part of the monovalent cations and most of the divalent cations are attracted into a diffuse layer adjacent to the negatively charged surfaces of membranes and proteins, or form complexes with organic and inorganic compounds present in the intact chloroplasts.     

Topographic examination of sister chromatid differential staining by nomarski interference microscopy and scanning electron microscopy

BrdU-substituted Chinese hamster chromosomes were treated with a hot Na₂HPO₄ solution and stained with Giemsa to produce sister chromatid differential staining (SCD). The process of SCD was examined with the Nomarski differential interference microscope and the scanning electron microscope. After the Na₂HPO₄ treatment alone, unifilarly BrdU-substituted (TB) chromatids appeared somewhat more severely collapsed than the bifilarly substituted (BB) chromatids. Subsequent Giemsa staining, however, brought about pronounced piling up of the Giemsa dye on the TB-chromatids but not on the BB-ones, causing highly distinct differential Giemsa staining as well as a marked differentiation in surface topography between the sister chromatids. Removal of the Giemsa dye from the differentially Giemsa stained chromosomes resulted in a disappearance of such a pronounced topographic differentiation.     

The use of steady-state treatment in the rapid kinetics of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase. The evaluation of data on the amplitude of the "burst" reaction.

The use of the steady-state treatment in the study of rapid kinetics was illustrated with experiments on horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase using a stopped-flow spectrophoto-fluorimeter. The amplitude of the “burst” formation of NADH fluorescence observed in the transient reaction of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase, NAD⁺, and ethanol corresponded mainly to the steady-state concentration of the binary complex, horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase-NADH. The results on the forward and reverse reactions are shown to be consistent with a Theorell-Chance mechanism. The formation of the ternary complexes appeared to decrease the “burst” formation of the binary complex in the benzylalcoholbenzaldehyde system. There was no evidence for the participation of nonequivalent states of the two active sites in the enzyme molecule. It is shown that the equilibrium constants and rate constants involving the mechanisms of LADH reactions can be evaluated using the data of the amplitude of the “burst” reaction in similar manner to that of usual steady-state kinetics.     

Sulfonamide-based non-alkyne LpxC inhibitors as Gram-negative antibacterial agents

We attempted to optimize sulfonamide-based non-alkyne LpxC inhibitors by focusing on improvements in enzyme inhibitory and antibacterial activity. It was discovered that inhibitors possessing 2-aryl benzofuran as a hydrophobe exhibited good activity. In particular, compound 21 displayed impressive antibacterial activity (E. coli MIC = 0.063 μg/mL, K. pneumoniae MIC = 0.5 μg/mL, and P. aeruginosa MIC = 0.5 μg/mL), and is a promising lead for further exploration as an antibacterial agent.     

The role of disulfide bond in hyperthermophilic endocellulase

The hyperthermophilic endocellulase, EGPh (glycosyl hydrolase family 5) from Pyrococcus horikoshii possesses 4 cysteine residues forming 2 disulfide bonds, as identified by structural analysis. One of the disulfide bonds is located at the proximal region of the active site in EGPh, which exhibits a distinct pattern from that of the thermophilic endocellulase EGAc (glycosyl hydrolase family 5) of Acidothermus cellulolyticus despite the structural similarity between the two endocellulases. The structural similarity between EGPh and EGAc suggests that EGPh possesses a structure suitable for changing the position of the disulfide bond corresponding to that in EGAc. Introduction of this alternative disulfide bond in EGPh, while removing the original disulfide bond, did not result in a loss of enzymatic activity but the EGPh was no longer hyperthermostable. These results suggest that the contribution of disulfide bond to hyperthermostability at temperature higher than 100 °C is restrictive, and that its impact is dependent on the specific structural environment of the hyperthermophilic proteins. The data suggest that the structural position and environment of the disulfide bond has a greater effect on high-temperature thermostability of the enzyme than on the potential energy of the dihedral angle that contributes to disulfide bond cleavage.     

A New Fungal Endophyte,Scolecobasidium humicola,Promotes Tomato Growth under Organic Nitrogen Conditions

A new fungal endophyte, Scolecobasidium humicola, was identified as a common dark septate endophytic fungal (DSE) species under both natural and agricultural conditions. This fungus was found to grow endophylically in the roots of tomato seedlings. Light microscopy of cross-sections of colonized tomato roots showed that the intercellular, pigmented hyphae of the fungus were mostly limited to the epidermal layer and formed outer mantle-like structures. Two isolates of S. humicola, H2-2 and F1-3, have shown the ability to increase plant biomass with an organic nitrogen source. This finding is the first report of S. humicola as an endophyte and could help to improve plant growth with organic nitrogen sources.