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171.
Serrano M Kanehara K Torres M Yamada K Tintor N Kombrink E Schulze-Lefert P Saijo Y 《Plant physiology》2012,158(1):408-422
Recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) leads to the generation of MAMP-triggered immunity (MTI), which restricts the invasion and propagation of potentially infectious microbes. It has been described that the perception of different bacterial and fungal MAMPs causes the repression of flavonoid induction upon light stress or sucrose application. However, the functional significance of this MTI-associated signaling output remains unknown. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), FLAGELLIN-SENSING2 (FLS2) and EF-TU RECEPTOR act as the pattern recognition receptors for the bacterial MAMP epitopes flg22 (of flagellin) and elf18 (of elongation factor [EF]-Tu), respectively. Here, we reveal that reactive oxygen species spiking and callose deposition are dispensable for the repression of flavonoid accumulation by both pattern recognition receptors. Importantly, FLS2-triggered activation of PATHOGENESIS-RELATED (PR) genes and bacterial basal defenses are enhanced in transparent testa4 plants that are devoid of flavonoids, providing evidence for a functional contribution of flavonoid repression to MTI. Moreover, we identify nine small molecules, of which eight are structurally unrelated, that derepress flavonoid accumulation in the presence of flg22. These compounds allowed us to dissect the FLS2 pathway. Remarkably, one of the identified compounds uncouples flavonoid repression and PR gene activation from the activation of reactive oxygen species, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and callose deposition, corroborating a close link between the former two outputs. Together, our data imply a model in which MAMP-induced repression of flavonoid accumulation serves a role in removing the inherent inhibitory action of flavonoids on an MTI signaling branch. 相似文献
172.
Nakamura Y Une Y Miyano K Abe H Hisaoka K Morioka N Nakata Y 《Journal of neurochemistry》2012,120(6):1036-1047
To examine mechanisms underlying substance P (SP) release from primary sensory neurons in response to activation of the non-selective cation channel transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), SP release from cultured rat dorsal root ganglion neurons was measured, using radioimmunoassay, by stimulating TRPA1 with allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), a TRPA1 agonist. AITC-evoked SP release occurred in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Interestingly, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38) inhibitor SB203580 significantly attenuated AITC-evoked SP release. The in vivo effect of AITC-evoked SP release from primary sensory neurons in mice was evaluated. Hind paw intraplantar injection of AITC induced nociceptive behaviors and inflammation (edema, thermal hyperalgesia). AITC-induced thermal hyperalgesia and edema were inhibited by intraplantar pre-treatment with either SB203580 or neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist CP96345. Moreover, intrathecal pre-treatment with either CP96345 or SB203580 inhibited AITC-induced nociceptive behaviors and thermal hyperalgesia. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that intraplantar AITC injection induced the phosphorylation of p38 in mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons containing SP. These findings suggest that activation of TRPA1 evokes SP release from the primary sensory neurons through phosphorylation of p38, subsequent nociceptive behaviors and inflammatory responses. Furthermore, the data also indicate that blocking the effects of TRPA1 activation at the periphery leads to significant antinociception. 相似文献
173.
Ohishi K Takishita K Kawato M Zenitani R Bando T Fujise Y Goto Y Yamamoto S Maruyama T 《Microbes and infection / Institut Pasteur》2004,6(13):1199-1204
Brucella, a causative agent of brucellosis, has been isolated recently from a variety of marine mammals. The molecular analysis of marine mammalian Brucella strains, without manifest pathology of brucellosis in the eastern North Atlantic, showed that they are distinct from terrestrial Brucella species. Previously, we reported abnormal gonads in common minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) in the western North Pacific and suggested the presence of Brucella infection in the whales in pathology and serology studies. In the present study, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Brucella was detected in granular testes of the whales showing caseation or calcification. The insertion of an IS711 transposable element specific for marine mammal isolates as well as a seal isolate-specific DNA fragment were also found. Molecular characterization of Brucella based on sequence analysis of the PCR products amplified from the outer membrane protein (omp) 2 gene showed that the Brucella from North Pacific common minke whales was different from terrestrial and North Atlantic marine mammal Brucella strains. The North Pacific Brucella showed the highest similarity to North Atlantic seal strains among the known Brucella strains. 相似文献
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178.
Hirota J Shimizu S Watanabe A Suzuta F Yajima K Kimura K Haritani M Inumaru S Yagi Y 《European cytokine network》2011,22(1):73-80
Three IgG class anti-bovine CXCL8 (bCXCL8) monoclonal antibody (mAb)-secreting hybridomas, SH8-8D7, SH8-12A5 and SH8-2A1, were developed. SH8-8D7 was IgG2a, and SH8-12A5 and SH8-2A1 were IgG1. All three mAbs detected recombinant bCXCL8 (rbCXCL8) by immunoprecipitation and Western blotting. SH8-2A1 could neutralise the chemotactic activity of rbCXCL8 towards neutrophils. The quantitative bCXCL8 ELISA was constituted by the combination of SH8-12A5 and biotin-SH8-2A1. The detection range was 20-1000 pg/mL. A sandwich ELISA was used to measure native bCXCL8 derived from the supernatant of cultured bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with ConA, LPS or PHA. Furthermore, SH8-2A1 could detect bCXCL8 in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded, pneumonic calf tissues. These findings indicate that the newly developed anti-bCXCL8 mAbs could contribute to research on bovine inflammatory responses and immunology. 相似文献
179.
Kazuo Kamaike Mihoko Takahashi Kazuyuki Utsugi Kazue Tomizuka Yasunori Okazaki Yuri Tamada 《Nucleosides, nucleotides & nucleic acids》2013,32(1-3):749-769
Abstract Nucleophilic substitution reactions of 4-azolyl-1 β-P-D-ribofuranosylpyrimidin-2(1H)-one and 6-azolyl-9-β-D-ribofuranosyl-9H-purine derivatives, which were converted from uridine and inosine, with [15N]phthalimide in the presence of triethylamine or DBU gave N 4-phthaloyl[4-15N]cytidine and N 6-phthaloyl[6-15N]- adenosine derivatives, respectively, in high yields. Similar reactions of those azolyl derivatives with succinimide afforded N 4-succinylcytidine and N 6-succinyladenosine derivatives in high yields. The corresponding 2′-deoxyribonucleosides were also synthesized efficiently through the same procedure. 相似文献
180.
Minoru Inomata Koichiro Kamio Arata Azuma Kuniko Matsuda Nariaki Kokuho Yukiko Miura Hiroki Hayashi Takahito Nei Kazue Fujita Yoshinobu Saito Akihiko Gemma 《Respiratory research》2014,15(1):16