Leaf features of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth). Variability within and between two populations (uncontaminated vs Pb-contaminated and Zn-contaminated site)

Fourteen morphometric variables of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) leaves from two sites in the Upper Silesia province were analyzed to establish the pattern of intrapopulational and interpopulational relations. The leaves were collected from ten trees growing on a zinc–lead dump as well as from ten trees in the unpolluted area of Mirów within the same bioclimatic region. Leaf samples were collected from the trees during the vegetative seasons 1999 and 2000. The size and shape of leaves were studied using standard biometric methods. Cluster analysis indicated overall differences between the populations. Both populations differed with respect to almost all the morphometric variables (P<0.05). Most variables of the leaves, collected from single trees (or combined as a total) on the zinc–lead dump showed more variability than those from the unpolluted site. Discriminant function analysis confirmed the angle of the leaf base as the most important variable in the evaluation of interpopulational variability of leaves.     

Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of gamma-aryl substituted alpha-alkylidene-gamma-lactones and alpha-alkylidene-gamma-lactams

A series of 5-aryl-3-alkylidenedihydrofuran-2(3H)-ones 6a–g″ and 11a,b as well as 5-aryl-3-methylidenepyrrolidin-2-ones 10a–c and 12 were synthesized starting from 4-aryl-2-diethoxyphosphoryl-4-oxobutanoates 3a–g. Reaction sequence includes reduction or reductive amination of the carbonyl group, lactonization or lactamization step and finally the Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons olefination of aldehydes using thus obtained 5-aryl-3-diethoxyphosphoryl-3,4-dihydrofuran-2(5H)-ones 5a–g″ or 5-aryl-3-diethoxyphosphorylpyrrolidin-2-ones 9a–c. Furanones 6 and 11, as well as pyrrolidinones 10 and 12, were evaluated in vitro against mouse leukemia cell line L-1210 and two human leukemia cell lines HL-60 and NALM-6. Several of the obtained furanones proved to be very potent against all three cell lines with IC₅₀ values lower than 6 μM. Structure–activity relationships of these compounds, as well as 5-alkyl or 5-arylmethyl-3-methylidenedihydrofuran-2(3H)-ones 13a–e, previously obtained in our laboratory, are discussed.     

Cell cycle kinases predicted from conserved biophysical properties

Machine-learning techniques can classify functionally related proteins where homology-transfer as well as sequence and structure motifs fail. Here, we present a method that aimed at complementing homology-transfer in the identification of cell cycle control kinases from sequence alone. First, we identified functionally significant residues in cell cycle proteins through their high sequence conservation and biophysical properties. We then incorporated these residues and their features into support vector machines (SVM) to identify new kinases and more specifically to differentiate cell cycle kinases from other kinases and other proteins. As expected, the most informative residues tend to be highly conserved and tend to localize in the ATP binding regions of the kinases. Another observation confirmed that ATP binding regions are typically not found on the surface but in partially buried sites, and that this fact is correctly captured by accessibility predictions. Using these highly conserved, semi-buried residues and their biophysical properties, we could distinguish cell cycle S/T kinases from other kinase families at levels around 70-80% accuracy and 62-81% coverage. An application to the entire human proteome predicted at least 97 human proteins with limited previous annotations to be candidates for cell cycle kinases.     

Regulation of LHCII aggregation by different thylakoid membrane lipids

In the present study the influence of the lipid environment on the organization of the main light-harvesting complex of photosystem II (LHCII) was investigated by 77K fluorescence spectroscopy. Measurements were carried out with a lipid-depleted and highly aggregated LHCII which was supplemented with the different thylakoid membrane lipids. The results show that the thylakoid lipids are able to modulate the spectroscopic properties of the LHCII aggregates and that the extent of the lipid effect depends on both the lipid species and the lipid concentration. Addition of the neutral galactolipids monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) seems to induce a modification of the disorganized structures of the lipid-depleted LHCII and to support the aggregated state of the complex. In contrast, we found that the anionic lipids sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) exert a strong disaggregating effect on the isolated LHCII. LHCII disaggregation was partly suppressed under a high proton concentration and in the presence of cations. The strongest suppression was visible at the lowest pH value (pH 5) and the highest Mg(2+) concentration (40 mM) used in the present study. This suggests that the negative charge of the anionic lipids in conjunction with negatively charged domains of the LHCII proteins is responsible for the disaggregation. Additional measurements by photon correlation spectroscopy and sucrose gradient centrifugation, which were used to gain information about the size and molecular mass of the LHCII aggregates, confirmed the results of the fluorescence spectroscopy. LHCII treated with MGDG and DGDG formed an increased number of aggregates with large particle sizes in the micromm-range, whereas the incubation with anionic lipids led to much smaller LHCII particles (around 40 nm in the case of PG) with a homogeneous distribution.     

Configuration of polyisoprenoids affects the permeability and thermotropic properties of phospholipid/polyisoprenoid model membranes

The influence of α-cis- and α-trans-polyprenols on the structure and properties of model membranes was analyzed. The interaction of Ficaprenol-12 (α-cis-Prenol-12, α-Z-Prenol-12) and Alloprenol-12 (α-trans-Prenol-12, α-E-Prenol-12) with model membranes was compared using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and fluorescent methods. l-α-Phosphatidylcholine from egg yolk (EYPC) and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) as the main lipid components of unilamellar (SUVs) and multilamellar (MLVs) vesicles were used. The two-step extraction procedure (n-pentane and hexane, respectively) allowed to separately analyze the fractions of polyprenol as non-incorporated (Prenol_NonInc) and incorporated (Prenol_Inc) into liposomes. Consequently, distribution coefficients, P′, describing the equilibrium of prenol content between phospholipid (EYPC) membrane and the aqueous phase gave different log P′ for α-cis- and α-trans-Prenol-12, indicating that the configuration of the α-terminal residue significantly alters the hydrophobicity of the polyisoprenoid molecule and consequently the affinity of polyprenols for EYPC membrane. In fluorescence experiments α-trans-Pren-12 increased up to 1.7-fold the permeability of EYPC bilayer for glucose while the effect of α-cis-Pren-12 was almost negligible. Considerable changes of thermotropic behavior of DPPC membranes in the presence of both prenol isomers were observed. α-trans-Pren-12 completely abolished the pretransition while in the case of α-cis-Pren-12 it was noticeably reduced. Furthermore, for both prenol isomers, the temperature of the main phase transition (T_m) was shifted by about 1 °C to lower values and the height of the peak was significantly reduced. The DSC analysis profiles also showed a new peak at 38.7 °C, which may suggest the concomitant presence of more that one phase within the membrane.Results of these experiments and the concomitant occurrence of alloprenols and ficaprenols in plant tissues suggest that cis/trans isomerization of the α-residue of polyisoprenoid molecule might comprise a putative mechanism responsible for modulation of the permeability of cellular membranes.     

Ferredoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase as a target of Cd2+ inhibitory action--biochemical studies

The ferredoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase (FNR) catalyses the ferredoxin-dependent reduction of NADP+ to NADPH in linear photosynthetic electron transport. The enzyme also transfers electrons from reduced ferredoxin (Fd) or NADPH to the cytochrome b₆f complex in cyclic electron transport. In vitro, the enzyme catalyses the NADPH-dependent reduction of various substrates, including ferredoxin, the analogue of its redox centre - ferricyanide, and the analogue of quinones, which is dibromothymoquinone. This paper presents results on the cadmium-induced inhibition of FNR. The K_i value calculated for research condition was 1.72 mM.FNR molecule can bind a large number of cadmium ions, as shown by the application of cadmium-selective electrode, but just one ion remains bound after dialysis. The effect of cadmium binding is significant disturbance in the electron transfer process from flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) to dibromothymoqinone, but less interference with the reduction of ferricyanide. However, it caused a strong inhibition of Fd reduction, indicating that Cd-induced changes in the FNR structure disrupt Fd binding. Additionally, the protonation of the thiol groups is shown to be of great importance in the inhibition process. A mechanism for cadmium-caused inhibition is proposed and discussed with respect to the in vitro and in vivo situation.     

Quercetin and genistein hindering effect of neomycin action in the liverwort <Emphasis Type="Italic">Conocephalum conicum</Emphasis>

Apigenin, quercetin and genistein are members of the family of plant flavonoids suspected to prevent a number of human diseases, for instance cancer development. They display a number of activities, and part of their beneficial effects may be due to their affinity to cellular membranes. In this study, we used Conocephalum conicum, a well-elaborated model of liverworts. Intracellular microelectrode measurements were carried out to examine the effects of flavonoids in combination with neomycin on the resting and action potentials. Neomycin triggered gradual decline of action potential amplitudes through a membrane potential decrease (membrane potential became less negative) and a decrease of the action potential peak value. Additionally, duration of action potential amplitudes measured at half of the amplitude increased in neomycin-treated plants. However, the simultaneous use of quercetin or genistein (but not apigenin) with neomycin hindered neomycin-specific actions. Hence, the membrane resting potential and action potential amplitudes regained neomycin-free values. It may be concluded that application of at least some flavonoids (namely quercetin and genistein) exerts strong influence on electrical membrane responses in C. conicum.     

Induction of monocyte antitumor response by human cancer cells transduced with TNF-GFP fusion gene: possible implications for immunotherapy of cancer

This study was undertaken to determine how human pancreatic cancer (HPC-4) cells transduced with the TNF-GFP fusion gene (TLG) alter the antitumor response of human monocytes in vitro and whether they could act as an antitumor vaccine. In our model, HPC-4 cells were transduced with retroviral vector harboring TLG gene and designated as HPC-4(TLG). The TLG protein expression was confirmed by Western blot and flow cytometry analysis. Monocytes were co-cultured with transduced and control HPC-4 cells. The secretion of TNF, IL-10 and IL-12 was measured by ELISA. The cytotoxicity of monocytes against HPC-4 cells was determined by MTT test. The results show that the HPC-4(TLG) cells expressed membrane-bound, intracellular and secretory TLG protein. When cultured with HPC-4(TLG) cells, monocytes released a higher amount of TNF, but IL-10 and IL-12 secretion was inhibited. The pre-exposure of monocytes to HPC-4(TLG), but not to HPC-4, cells did not decrease TNF nor increase IL-10 production, thus not leading to monocyte deactivation. Also, the antitumor cytotoxicity of monocytes stimulated with HPC-4(TLG) was not downregulated, which occurred when non-transduced HPC-4 cells were used. In conclusion, compared to parental HPC-4 cells, TLG gene transduced HPC-4 cells induced stronger antitumor response of monocytes in vitro and prevented deactivation of monocytes.     

Oxidative DNA and protein damage in metal-induced toxicity and carcinogenesis

This review discusses the relevance of oxidative damage to metal-induced toxicity and carcinogenesis. Presented are important facts and mechanistic concepts on the capacity of selected transition metals, mainly Ni, but also Cu, Co, Cr, and briefly several others, to generate active oxygen species and other reactive intermediates under physiological conditions. These metals are known to be toxic and/or carcinogenic contaminants of the occupational and general environments. Their redox activity may underlay the mechanism of mediation of oxidative damage to cell constituents. The presentation is focused on selected issues relative to genetic and epigenetic toxicity and illustrated with examples of metal-mediated oxidative damage to the principal components of chromatin, i.e., DNA, histones, and protamines.     

Application of Empirical Wave Run-Up Formulas to the Polish Baltic Sea Coast

Advanced, multidimensional models are typically applied when researching processes occurring in the nearshore. Relatively simple, empirical equations are commonly used in coastal engineering practice in order to estimate extreme wave run-up on beaches and coastal structures. However, they were mostly calibrated to the characteristics of oceanic coasts, which have different wave regime than a semi-enclosed basin like the Baltic Sea. In this paper we apply the formulas to the Polish Baltic Sea coast. The equations were adjusted to match local conditions in two test sites in Międzyzdroje and Dziwnówek, where beaches are under continuous video surveillance. Data from WAM wave model and coastal gauge stations were used, as well as precise measurements of the beaches'' cross-sections. More than 600 run-up events spanning from June to December 2013 were analysed, including surges causing dune erosion. Extreme wave run-up R_2% was calculated and presented as a percentage value indicating what part of the beach was inundated. The method had a root-mean-square error of 6.1 and 6.5 percentage points depending on the test site. We consider it is a fast and computationally undemanding alternative to morphodynamic models. It will constitute a part of the SatBałtyk Operating System-Shores, delivering forecasts of wave run-up on the beaches for the entire Polish coastline.