全文获取类型
收费全文 | 7028篇 |
免费 | 1040篇 |
国内免费 | 3732篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 91篇 |
2023年 | 251篇 |
2022年 | 360篇 |
2021年 | 403篇 |
2020年 | 406篇 |
2019年 | 442篇 |
2018年 | 274篇 |
2017年 | 295篇 |
2016年 | 290篇 |
2015年 | 424篇 |
2014年 | 614篇 |
2013年 | 529篇 |
2012年 | 743篇 |
2011年 | 678篇 |
2010年 | 582篇 |
2009年 | 583篇 |
2008年 | 645篇 |
2007年 | 628篇 |
2006年 | 563篇 |
2005年 | 498篇 |
2004年 | 378篇 |
2003年 | 340篇 |
2002年 | 288篇 |
2001年 | 274篇 |
2000年 | 264篇 |
1999年 | 198篇 |
1998年 | 97篇 |
1997年 | 78篇 |
1996年 | 42篇 |
1995年 | 47篇 |
1994年 | 27篇 |
1993年 | 28篇 |
1992年 | 34篇 |
1991年 | 42篇 |
1990年 | 34篇 |
1989年 | 42篇 |
1988年 | 29篇 |
1987年 | 24篇 |
1986年 | 36篇 |
1985年 | 21篇 |
1984年 | 13篇 |
1983年 | 20篇 |
1982年 | 27篇 |
1981年 | 14篇 |
1979年 | 8篇 |
1978年 | 8篇 |
1977年 | 8篇 |
1976年 | 7篇 |
1965年 | 6篇 |
1950年 | 5篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
101.
We have developed a new improved technique termed the parallel-beam spattering (PBS) method for depositing phospholipid bilayers on quartz surfaces. This technique involves atomizing the phospholipid mixture with a stream of nitrogen gas and passing this atomized mixture through two orifices separated by a distance to achieve a parallel beam of atomized particles before deposition on the quartz plate. A static electric field can easily be applied to the quartz surface. Also a goniometer of new design has been constructed to allow precise positioning of the deposited phospholipid bilayers with reference to the magnetic field. We have utilized the PBS method to deposit phosphatidylcholine/nitroxyl labeled cholestane mixtures on quartz plates and have found that hydrated bilayers of these mixtures yield ESR spectra with essentially the same characteristics as those obtained using more conventional techniques. The distinct advantage of the new technique for depositing bilayers is that there is no spectral anomaly present which usually is present when the more conventional method of depositing bilayers is used. The spectral anomaly is apparently caused by a portion of the bilayers aligned in directions not directly parallel to the quartz surface. For precision work the spectral anomaly is unacceptable. It is not observed with the new PBS method which has yielded highly reproducible results. 相似文献
102.
Hiroyuki Horitsu Yasushi Takahashi Junkō Tsuda Keiichi Kawai Yoshio Kawano 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》1983,18(6):358-360
Summary Living Aspergillus terreus cells were entrapped in polyacrylamide gels and employed in both replacement batch and continuous column reactors to produce itaconic acid from glucose.With the replacement batch reactor, maximum itaconic acid productivity was observed under the following conditions: pH 2.50, temperature at 35°C, addition of NH4H2PO4 and MgSO4·7H2O. Using the continuous reactor, the maximum itaconic acid yield was 60 mg/h/40 g of gel. The biocatalyst activity or half-life was about 10 days. 相似文献
103.
T Ueda H Yamada N Sakamoto Y Abe K Kawano Y Terada T Imoto 《Journal of biochemistry》1991,110(5):719-725
A lysozyme derivative in which two domains were cross-linked intramolecularly was newly prepared by means of a two-step reaction. First, the beta-carboxyl group of Asp101 in lysozyme was selectively modified with 2-(2-pyridyldithio)ethylamine in the presence of 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]carbodiimide hydrochloride. After reduction of the pyridyldithio moiety of Asp101 modified lysozyme at pH 4.5 with dithiothreitol, the derivative was allowed to cross-link intramolecularly by reaction with 1,3-dichloroacetone at pH 7. Intramolecularly cross-linked lysozyme thus formed was purified by gel chromatography followed by ion-exchange chromatography. Based on the results of 1H-NMR and peptide analyses, it was concluded that Asp101 was cross-linked to Trp62 with a -CH2COCH2SCH2CH2NH-bridge in this derivative. The derivative showed minor but distinct activity against Micrococcus lysodeikticus and glycol chitin. Its melting temperature for thermal denaturation was higher by 7.3 degrees than that of native lysozyme at pH 3. 相似文献
104.
Developmental changes in the calcium currents in embryonic chick ventricular myocytes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Summary Using the patch-clamp technique, we recorded whole-cell calcium current from isolated cardiac myocytes dissociated from the apical ventricles of 7-day and 14-day chick embryos. In 70% of 14-day cells after 24 hr in culture, two component currents could be separated from totalI
Ca activated from a holding potential (V
h) of –80 mV. L-type current (I
L) was activated by depolarizing steps fromV
h –30 or –40 mV. The difference current (I
T) was obtained by subtractingI
L, fromI
Ca.I
T could also be distinguished pharmacologically fromI
L in these cells.I
T was selectively blocked by 40–160 m Ni2+, whereasI
L was suppressed by 1 m D600 or 2 m nifedipine. The Ni2+-resistant and D600-resistant currents had activation thresholds and peak voltages that were near those ofI
T andI
L defined by voltage threshold, and resembled those in adult mammalian heart. In 7-day cells,I
T andI
L could be distinguished by voltage threshold in 45% (S cells), while an additional 45% of 7-day cells were nonseparable (NS) by activation voltage threshold. Nonetheless, in mostNS cells,I
Ca was partly blocked by Ni2+ and by D600 given separately, and the effects were additive when these agents were given together. Differences among the cells in the ability to separateI
T andI
L by voltage threshold resulted largely from differences in the position of the steady-state inactivation and activation curves along the voltage axis. In all cells at both ages in which the steady-state inactivation relation was determined with a double-pulse protocol, the half-inactivation potential (V
1/2) of the Ni2+-resistant currentI
L averaged –18 mV. In contrast,V
1/2 of the Ni2+-sensitiveI
T was –60 mV in 14-day cells, –52 mV in 7-dayS cells, and –43 mV in 7-day NS cells. The half-activation potential was near –2 mV forI
L at both ages, but that ofI
T was –38 mV in 14-day and –29 mV in 7-day cells. Maximal current density was highly variable from cell to cell, but showed no systematic differences between 7-day and 14-day cells. These results indicate that the main developmental change that occurs in the components ofI
Ca is a negative shift with, embryonic age in the activation and inactivation relationships ofI
T along the voltage axis. 相似文献
105.
中国吻额蛛属一新种(蜘蛛目:皿蛛科:微蛛亚科) 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
本文描述了作者1986年采自湖北省神农架林区的吻额蛛属Aprifrontalia一新种:膨大吻额蛛,新种Aprifrontalia afflata sp.nov.。目前,除本新种外,世界仅报道过1种:Aprifrontalia mascula,本新种雄蛛最显著的特征是:其额向前突呈吻状,触肢胫节前端甚膨大。外雌器形成一斜向下方的突起。模式标本保存于白求恩医科大学生物教研室。 相似文献
106.
Kazuhiro Watanabe Kaori Takanashi Susumu Imaoka Yoshihiko Funae Sumie Kawano Katsuhiro Inoue Tetsuya Kamataki Hidetoshi Takagi Itsuo Yoshizawa 《The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology》1991,38(6):737-743
For identification of microsomal cytochrome P-450 (P-450) enzymes which catalyze 2- or 4-hydroxylations of estrogens in the rat liver, estradiol (E2) and estradiol 17-sulfate (E2-17-S) were selected as the substrates and incubated with various kinds of purified P-450 enzymes: PB-1, PB-2, PB-4 and PB-5 obtained from phenobarbital-treated male rats (Sprague-Dawley); MC-1 and MC-5 from 3-methylcholanthrene-treated male rats; and UT-1, UT-2, UT-4 and UT-5 from untreated animals. The reactions were carried out under the P-450-reconstructed system, and the resulting products were determined by HPLC using electrochemical detection. All the enzymes tested were shown to have varying degrees of catalytic activities for 2-hydroxylation of the two substrates; UT-1 and UT-2 had the highest activity. Of the induced P-450 enzymes, PB-2 and MC-1 showed fairly high catalytic activity for 4-hydroxylation of E2. The P-450 enzymes obtained from the untreated male rats, especially UT-4, showed the highest catalytic activity for 4-hydroxylation of the two substrates. From these results and also from kinetic experiments, the P-450 enzymes which catalyze 2- and 4-hydroxylations of estrogen were considered to be different species. A part of E2 was converted to such metabolites as estrone and those having a hydroxyl group at positions 6β, 15 or 16, each production of which was estimated to be catalyzed by single or multiple P-450s. 相似文献
107.
Summary The behavior of organelle nuclei during maturation of the male gametes ofLilium longiflorum andPelargonium zonale was examined by fluorescence microscopy after staining with 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and Southern hybridization. The organelle nuclei in both generative and vegetative cells inL. longiflorum were preferentially degraded during the maturation of the male gametes. In the mature pollen grains ofL. longiflorum, there were absolutely no organelle nuclei visible in the cytoplasm of the generative cells. In the vegetative cells, almost all the organelle nuclei were degraded. However, in contrast to the situation in generative cells, the last vestiges of organelle nuclei in vegetative cells did not disappear completely. They remained in evidence in the vegetative cells during germination of the pollen tubes. InP. zonale, however, no evidence of degradation of organelle nuclei was ever observed. As a result, a very large number of organelle nuclei remained in the sperm cells during maturation of the pollen grains. When the total DNA isolated from the pollen or pollen tubes was analyzed by Southern hybridization with a probe that contained therbc L gene, for detection of the plastid DNA and a probe that contained thecox I gene, for detection of the mitochondrial DNA, the same results were obtained. Therefore, the maternal inheritance of the organelle genes inL. longiflorum is caused by the degradation of the organelle DNA in the generative cells while the biparental inheritance of the organelle genes inP. zonale is the result of the preservation of the organelle DNA in the generative and sperm cells. To characterize the degradation of the organelle nuclei, nucleolytic activities in mature pollen were analyzed by an in situ assay on an SDS-DNA-gel after electrophoresis. The results revealed that a 40kDa Ca2+-dependent nuclease and a 23 kDa Zn2+ -dependent nuclease were present specifically among the pollen proteins ofL. longiflorum. By contrast, no nucleolytic activity was detected in a similar analysis of pollen proteins ofP. zonale. 相似文献
108.
本实验用幼年大鼠经PMSG/hCG诱发排卵,研究了印巢PGE_2、PGF_(2α) 、6-酮-PGF_(1α) 及TXB_2在排卵过程中的变化。实验表明卵巢PGE_2、PGF_(2α) 及6-酮-PGF_(1α) 在排卵前达到峰值,在排卵后,均趋下降。TXB_2未出现明显变化。受试动物经消炎痛处理后,不仅使排卵受到严重抑制,而对上述三种PGs在排卵前的上升也表现了显著的抑制。提示在卵泡破裂过程中PGs的重要调节作用,PGE_2、PGF_(2α)均可能参与排卵,其中尤以PGE_2的作用最为显著。 相似文献
109.
110.