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61.
62.
T. S. Suryanarayanan T. S. Murali N. Thirunavukkarasu M. B. Govinda Rajulu G. Venkatesan R. Sukumar 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2011,20(5):913-928
Fungal endophytes of tropical trees are expected to be exceptionally species rich as a consequence of high tree diversity
in the tropics and the purported host restriction among the endophytes. Based on this premise, endophytes have been regarded
as a focal group for estimating fungal numbers because their possible hyperdiverse nature would reflect significantly global
fungal diversity. We present our consolidated ten-year work on 75 dicotyledonous tree hosts belonging to 33 families and growing
in three different types of tropical forests of the NBR in the Western Ghats, southern India. We conclude that endophyte diversity
in these forests is limited due to loose host affiliations among endophytes. Some endophytes have a wide host range and colonize
taxonomically disparate hosts suggesting adaptations in them to counter a variety of defense chemicals in their hosts. Furthermore,
such polyphagous endophytes dominate the endophyte assemblages of different tree hosts. Individual leaves may be densely colonized
but only by a few endophyte species. It appears that the environment (the type of forest in this case) has a larger role in
determining the endophyte assemblage of a plant host than the taxonomy of the host plant. Thus, different tropical plant communities
have to be studied for their endophyte diversity to test the generalization that endophytes are hyperdiverse in the tropics,
estimate their true species richness, and use them as a predictor group for more accurate assessment of global fungal diversity. 相似文献
63.
64.
Microspheres of tramadol hydrochloride (TM) for oral delivery were prepared by complex coacervation method without the use
of chemical cross-linking agents such as glutaraldehyde to avoid the toxic reactions and other undesirable effects of the
chemical cross-linking agents. Alternatively, ionotropic gelation was employed by using sodium-tripolyphosphate as cross-linking
agent. Chitosan and gelatin B were used as polymer and copolymer, respectively. All the prepared microspheres were subjected
to various physicochemical studies, such as drug–polymer compatibility by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and Fourier transform
infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy, frequency distribution, drug entrapment
efficiency, in vitro drug release characteristics and release kinetics. The physical state of drug in the microspheres was determined by differential
scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). TLC and FTIR studies indicated no drug–polymer incompatibility.
All the microspheres showed initial burst release followed by a fickian diffusion mechanism. DSC and XRD analysis indicated
that the TM trapped in the microspheres existed in an amorphous or disordered-crystalline status in the polymer matrix. From
the preliminary trials, it was observed that it may be possible to formulate TM microspheres by using biodegradable natural
polymers such as chitosan and gelatin B to overcome the drawbacks of TM and to increase the patient compliance. 相似文献
65.
Koch Rainer Lipton Andrew S. Filipek Slawomir Renugopalakrishnan Venkatesan 《Journal of molecular modeling》2011,17(6):1467-1472
Density functional theoretical calculations have been utilized to investigate the interaction of the amino acid arginine with
the (100) surface of anatase and the reproduction of experimentally measured 49Ti NMR chemical shifts of anatase. Significant binding of arginine through electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonds of
the arginine guanidinium protons to the TiO2 surface oxygen atoms is observed, allowing attachment of proteins to titania surfaces in the construction of bio-sensitized
solar cells. GIAO-B3LYP/6-31G(d) NMR calculation of a three-layer model based on the experimental structure of this TiO2 modification gives an excellent reproduction of the experimental value (-927 ppm) within +/- 7 ppm, however, the change in
relative chemical shifts, EFGs and CSA suggest that the effect of the electrostatic arginine binding might be too small for
experimental detection. 相似文献
66.
Kanmani P Kumar RS Yuvaraj N Paari KA Pattukumar V Arul V 《Preparative biochemistry & biotechnology》2011,41(1):40-52
Statistics-based experimental designs were used to develop a cost-effective medium for enhanced production of viable cells and bacteriocin by probiotic Enterococcus faecium MC13. Carbon, nitrogen, and mineral sources were first screened by one-variable-at-a-time (OVAT) methods. In order to increase yield production, the selected variables were further statistically optimized using response-surface methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD). The maximum and minimum levels of the selected variables were determined and a set of 34 experimental runs was performed. The optimum concentrations of the tested variables for production of viable cells (12.24 log CFU mL(-1)) and bacteriocin activity (25,600 AU mL(-1)) were tryptone (10.0 g/L), peptone (6.0 g/L), maltose (3.0 g/L), glucose (9.0 g/L), NaCl (15.0 g/L), sodium citrate (2.5 g/L), sodium acetate (1.0 g/L), and dipotassium PO(4) (0.1 g/L). Threefold increased yield of bacteriocin was achieved in optimized medium compared to the unoptimized counterpart, and this was two times less cost than commercial MRS medium. 相似文献
67.
Vijayabharathi R Bruheim P Andreassen T Raja DS Devi PB Sathyabama S Priyadarisini VB 《Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea)》2011,49(6):920-926
A new actinomycete strain, isolated from humus soils in the Western Ghats, was found to be an efficient pigment producer.
The strain, designated AAA5, was identified as a putative Streptomyces aurantiacus strain based on cultural properties, morphology, carbon source utilization, and analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. The strain
produced a reddish-brown pigmented compound during the secondary metabolites phase. A yellow compound was derived from the
extracted pigment and was identified as the quinone-related antibiotic resistomycin based on ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry,
fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses.
The AAA5 strain was found to produce large quantities of resistomycin (52.5 mg/L). It showed potent cytotoxic activity against
cell lines viz. HepG2 (hepatic carcinoma) and HeLa (cervical carcinoma) in vitro, with growth inhibition (GI50) of 0.006 and 0.005 μg/ml, respectively. The strain also exhibited broad antimicrobial activities against both Gram-positive
and Gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, AAA5 may have great potential as an industrial resistomycin-producing strain. 相似文献
68.
Kavitha P Ramesh R Bupesh G Stalin A Subramanian P 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Animal》2011,47(10):698-706
The potential protective role of Tribulus terrestris in acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in Oreochromis mossambicus was investigated. The effect of oral exposure of acetaminophen (500 mg/kg) in O. mossambicus at 24-h duration was evaluated. The plant extract (250 mg/kg) showed a remarkable hepatoprotective activity against acetaminophen-induced
hepatotoxicity. It was judged from the tissue-damaging level and antioxidant levels in liver, gill, muscle and kidney tissues.
Further acetaminophen impact induced a significant rise in the tissue-damaging level, and the antioxidant level was discernible
from the enzyme activity modulations such as glutamate oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamate pyruvic transaminase, alkaline
phosphatase, acid phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione
peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, lipid peroxidase and reduced glutathione. The levels of all
these enzymes have significantly (p < 0.05) increased in acetaminophen-treated fish tissues. The elevated levels of these enzymes were significantly controlled
by the treatment of T. terrestris extract (250 kg/mg). Histopathological changes of liver, gill and muscle samples were compared with respective controls.
The results of the present study specify the hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties of T. terrestris against acetaminophen-induced toxicity in freshwater fish, O. mossambicus. 相似文献
69.
70.
Thachamvally Riyesh Vinayagamurthy Balamurugan Arnab Sen Veerakyathappa Bhanuprakash Gnanavel Venkatesan Vinita Yadav Raj Kumar Singh 《中国病毒学》2011,26(5):324-337
In this study, thermo-adapted (Ta) PPR vaccines were assessed for their stability at 25, 37, 40, 42 and 45°C in lyophilized
form using two extrinsic stabilizers {lactalbumin hydrolysate-sucrose (LS) and stabilizer E} and in reconstituted form with
the diluents (1 mol/L MgSO4 or 0.85% NaCl). The lyophilized vaccines showed an expiry period of 24–26 days at 25°C, 7–8 days at 37°C and 3–4 days at
40°C. LS stabilizer was superior at 42°C with a shelf-life of 44 h, whereas in stabilizer E, a 40 h shelf-life with a comparable
half-life was observed. At 45°C, the half-life in stabilizer E was better than LS and lasted for 1 day. Furthermore, the reconstituted
vaccine maintained the titre for 48 h both at 4°C and 25°C and for 24–30 h at 37°C. As both the stabilizers performed equally
well with regard to shelf-life and half-life, the present study suggests LS as stabilizer as a choice for lyophilization with
0.85% NaCl diluent, because it has better performance at higher temperature. These Ta vaccines can be used as alternatives
to existing vaccines for the control of the disease in tropical countries as they are effective in avoiding vaccination failure
due to the breakdown in cold-chain maintenance, as this vaccine is considerably more stable at ambient temperatures. 相似文献