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101.
Susan M. Graham Janet Raboud Walter Jaoko Kishor Mandaliya R. Scott McClelland Ahmed M. Bayoumi 《PloS one》2014,9(11)
The Mombasa Cohort is an open cohort study following HIV-seronegative women reporting transactional sex. Established in 1993, the cohort provides regular HIV counseling and testing at monthly visits. Over time, HIV acquisition risk has declined steadily in this cohort. To evaluate whether this decline may reflect changes in sexual risk behavior, we investigated trends in condom use and partner numbers among women who participated in the Mombasa Cohort between 1993 and 2007. Multinomial logistic regression and generalized estimating equations were used to evaluate the association of calendar time and follow-up time with key risk behaviors, after adjustment for potential confounding factors. At enrollment visits by 1,844 women, the adjusted probability of never using condoms decreased over time, from 34.2% to 18.9%. Over 23,911 follow-up visits, the adjusted probabilities of reporting >2 partners decreased from 9.9% to 4.9% and inconsistent condom use decreased from 7.9% to 5.3% after ≥12 cohort visits. Important predictors of risk behavior were work venue, charging low fees for sex, and substance abuse. Women with a later sexual debut had less risky behavior. Although sexual risk has declined among women participating in the Mombasa Cohort, HIV acquisition continues to occur and interventions to promote and reinforce safer sex are clearly needed. 相似文献
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Genomics and molecular breeding in lesser explored pulse crops: Current trends and future opportunities 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Abhishek Bohra Uday Chand Jha P.B. Kavi Kishor Shailesh Pandey Narendra P. Singh 《Biotechnology advances》2014
Pulses are multipurpose crops for providing income, employment and food security in the underprivileged regions, notably the FAO-defined low-income food-deficit countries. Owing to their intrinsic ability to endure environmental adversities and the least input/management requirements, these crops remain central to subsistence farming. Given their pivotal role in rain-fed agriculture, substantial research has been invested to boost the productivity of these pulse crops. To this end, genomic tools and technologies have appeared as the compelling supplement to the conventional breeding. However, the progress in minor pulse crops including dry beans (Vigna spp.), lupins, lablab, lathyrus and vetches has remained unsatisfactory, hence these crops are often labeled as low profile or lesser researched. Nevertheless, recent scientific and technological breakthroughs particularly the next generation sequencing (NGS) are radically transforming the scenario of genomics and molecular breeding in these minor crops. NGS techniques have allowed de novo assembly of whole genomes in these orphan crops. Moreover, the availability of a reference genome sequence would promote re-sequencing of diverse genotypes to unlock allelic diversity at a genome-wide scale. In parallel, NGS has offered high-resolution genetic maps or more precisely, a robust genetic framework to implement whole-genome strategies for crop improvement. As has already been demonstrated in lupin, sequencing-based genotyping of the representative sample provided access to a number of functionally-relevant markers that could be deployed straight away in crop breeding programs. This article attempts to outline the recent progress made in genomics of these lesser explored pulse crops, and examines the prospects of genomics assisted integrated breeding to enhance and stabilize crop yields. 相似文献
106.
PSPDB: Plant Stress Protein Database 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
S. Anil Kumar P. Hima Kumari Vijayaraghava Seshadri Sundararajan Prashanth Suravajhala Rajaraman Kanagasabai P. B. Kavi Kishor 《Plant Molecular Biology Reporter》2014,32(4):940-942
Plants produce various proteins to overcome biotic and abiotic stresses. Current plant stress databases report plant genes without protein annotations specific to these stresses. To date, according to our findings, a unique plant stress protein database for both biotic and abiotic stresses is not available explicitly for plant biologists that describe linking out to other related databases. This need initiated us to formulate a distinctive database that includes important resources for stress-based factors. We developed the Plant Stress Protein Database (PSPDB), a web-accessible resource that covers 2,064 manually curated plant stress proteins from a wide array of 134 plant species with 30 different types of biotic and abiotic stresses. Functional and experimental validation of proteins associated with biotic and abiotic stresses has been employed as the sole criterion for inclusion in the database. The database is available at http://www.bioclues.org/pspdb/. 相似文献
107.
M. L. Ahire S. Laxmi P. R. Walunj P. B. Kavi Kishor T. D. Nikam 《Journal of plant biochemistry and biotechnology.》2014,23(4):366-378
Growth, osmotic adjustment, antioxidant enzyme defense and principle medicinal component bacoside A was studied in in vitro raised shoots of Bacopa monnieri under different concentrations of KCl and CaCl2 (0, 50, 100, 150 or 200 mM). Significant reduction was observed in shoot number per culture; shoot length, fresh weight, dry weight and tissue water content (TWC) when shoots were exposed to increasing KCl and CaCl2 concentrations (50–200 mM) as compared to control. Minimum damage to the membrane as assessed by malondialdehyde (MDA) content was noticed in control in contrast to sharp increase in KCl and CaCl2 stressed shoots. Higher amounts of free proline, glycine betaine and total soluble sugars (TSS) accumulated in KCl and CaCl2 exposed shoots compared to the controls. Among different concentrations of KCl and CaCl2, increasing concentration of CaCl2 showed more increase in osmolyte accumulation. Na+ content decreased with increasing concentrations of KCl and CaCl2. Accumulation of K+ increased significantly in KCl (50–100 mM) stressed shoots as compared to control, while it decreased in CaCl2 treated shoots indicating that it prevents the uptake of K+ ions. Ca2+ accumulation significantly increased with increasing concentrations of CaCl2 up to 150 mM but decreased at higher concentrations. Shoots treated with KCl and CaCl2 (0–100 mM) showed higher antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT, APX and GPX) activities but KCl suppressed the activities at higher concentrations. Accumulation of bacoside A was enhanced with an increase in KCl and CaCl2 concentration up to 100 mM. It appears from the data that accumulation of osmolytes, and elevated activities of antioxidant enzymes play an important role in osmotic adjustment in shoot cultures of Bacopa and the two salts tested have a positive effect on bacoside accumulation. 相似文献
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Wasan EK Gershkovich P Zhao J Zhu X Werbovetz K Tidwell RR Clement JG Thornton SJ Wasan KM 《PLoS neglected tropical diseases》2010,4(12):e913
Purpose
To develop an oral formulation of amphotericin B (AmB) that is stable at the temperatures of WHO Climatic Zones 3 and 4 (30–43°C) and to evaluate its efficacy in a murine model of visceral leishmaniasis (VL).Methods
The stability testing of four novel oral lipid AmB formulations composed of mono- and di-glycerides and pegylated esters (iCo-010 to iCo-013) was performed over 60 d and analyzed by HPLC-UV. In addition, the four formulations were incubated 4 h in fasted-state simulated intestinal fluid. AmB concentration was measured spectrophotometrically and emulsion droplet diameter was assessed by dynamic light scattering. Antileishmanial activity of iCo-010 was evaluated at increasing oral doses (2.5 to 10 mg/kg) in a murine model of VL.Results
AmB stability in the lipid formulation (iCo-010) was >75% over 60 days. After 4 h in fasted-state simulated intestinal fluid, AmB concentration was >95%. iCo-010 demonstrated significant efficacy when orally administered to VL-infected mice bid for five days (inhibition of 99%, 98%, and 83% at 10, 5 and 2.5 mg/kg compared to the vehicle control). In addition, the qd dose of 20 mg/kg provided 96% inhibition compared to the vehicle control.Conclusions
The oral AmB formulation iCo-010 is stable at the temperatures of WHO Climatic Zones 3 and 4 (30–43°C). iCo-010 showed excellent antileishmanial activity at both 10 mg/kg po bid for 5 days (<99% reduction in parasitic infection) and 20 mg/kg po qd for 5 days (95% inhibition when compared to control). 相似文献110.
Harvinder Singh Rupesh K. Deshmukh Abhinay Singh Ashok K. Singh Kishor Gaikwad Tilak R. Sharma Trilochan Mohapatra Nagendra K. Singh 《Molecular breeding : new strategies in plant improvement》2010,25(2):359-364
Simple sequence repeats (SSR) are the DNA markers of choice for genetic analysis in rice (Oryza sativa L.) due to their abundance, high polymorphism and simple assays using agarose gel electrophoresis. In an attempt to find
most variable SSR loci for the agarose gel system, the relationship between SSR length and level of polymorphism was evaluated
in a set of eight diverse rice genotypes using 201 random SSR loci of different repeat motifs and lengths, representing both
genic and intergenic sequences from the 12 rice chromosomes. There was a positive correlation between SSR length and average
number of alleles per locus but linearity of this relationship was limited to the SSR length range of 10–70 bp. The highest
level of polymorphism was in the SSR length range of 51–70 bp, beyond which there was stabilization and then decline of polymorphism
in SSRs longer than 70 bp. Proportion of polymorphic loci in the different SSR length groups also followed similar pattern
with even sharper decline of polymorphism in the highest size range. Here we describe a genome wide set of 436 validated highly
variable SSR (HvSSR) markers with repeat lengths of 51–70 bp for their consistent amplification and high polymorphism. In
the parental lines of three different mapping populations, the HvSSR loci showed more than twice the level of polymorphism
than random SSR markers with average repeat length of 34 bp, and therefore are suitable for QTL mapping and fingerprinting
studies in rice employing agarose gels. 相似文献