Formulation of a flowable liquid concentrate of Bacillus thuringiensis serotype H-14 spores and crystals as mosquito larvicide

Bacillus thuringiensis serotype H-14 spores and crystals, produced in 51 fermenters, were centrifuged and resuspended in emulsified palm olein to give 3.2 x 10(11) colony forming units (cfu)/ml. The suspension was mixed with a cassava-molasses-palm olein-charcoal (CMPC-2) mixture which served as the carrier, adhesive, dispersant and protectant. The final concentration of the formulation was 3.2 x 10(9) cfu/ml. The lethal concentrations capable of killing 50% of the test population (LC50) of CMPC-2 during 0, 1 and 2 years of storage at 32 +/- 4 degrees C were 0.056, 0.058 and 0.058 mg/ml respectively as against 0.054, 0.051 and 0.054 mg/ml for the Institut Pasteur Standard-1978 (IPS-78) during the corresponding period. The chi 2 tests showed that the results were homogeneous at P = 0.05. The relative potencies of the preparations were 964.3, 879.3 and 931 International toxic units (ITU) Aedes aegypti as compared with the 1000 ITU assigned to IPS-78. At 95% confidence limits there was no significant difference between the potencies of CMPC-2 and IPS-78. Field tests showed that CMPC-2 provided between 87.5 and 100% control of natural populations of Aedes spp. and Cutex spp. Sedimentation tests showed that CMPC-2 settled markedly during storage. This, therefore, required that the product be thoroughly shaken before use.     

Structural-functional aspects of the postischemic recovery of the hepatocyte endoplasmic network in rats

The experiments on rats have shown that total hepatic ischemia reduces the content of microsomal cytochromes P-450 and b5 and causes amidopyrine and aniline disturbances over a 2-3-week post-ischemic period. The analysis of hepatocyte ultrastructure has revealed the interdependence of structural and functional changes in endoplasmic reticulum during recovery period. The damage of monooxygenase inducibility correlated with stable decline in the number of fixed ribosomes in post-ischemic period.     

Polymorphism in Two Parasitoids Detected Using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Polymerase Chain Reaction

We used Chelex 100 chelating resin to prepare DNA for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from two species of Hymenopteran parasitoids, Trioxys pallidus and Diglyphus begini. Chelex 100 produces consistent DNA yields for both species, as measured with Hoescht dye fluorometry. Approximately twice as much DNA was obtained from individual D. begini wasps than from T. pallidus wasps, but there were no differences in yield between sexes. We used this DNA to perform random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, a PCR technique that amplifies various regions of the genome using arbitrarily chosen 10-base primers. Of the 120 primers tested using T. pallidus, 92 produced a total of 342 scorable bands, 118 of which exhibited presence/absence polymorphism. Of the 25 primers tested using D. begini, 18 produced a total of 53 scorable bands, 30 of which exhibited presence/absence polymorphism. The level of genetic variation detected using this technique was greater than any found in Hymenoptera using allozymes. Scorable bands segregated as dominant Mendelian traits. Potential uses of RAPD-PCR in genetic analyses on parasitic Hymenoptera are discussed.     

Simulation of protein misfolding using a lattice model

The structure of the tightly bound complex of the globular myosin head with F-actin is the key to understanding important details of the mechanism of how the actin-myosin motor functions. The current notion on this complex is based on the docking of known atomic structures of constituent proteins into low-resolution electron-density maps. The atomic structure of the complex was refined by the molecular mechanics method, which consists in minimizing the energy of molecular interaction and which makes it possible to optimize not only the relative position of protein backbones as rigid bodies, but also the position of side chains on the protein interface. The structure calculated using ICM-Pro software, on the one hand, is close to the model obtained using electron microscopy; on the other hand, it ensures the best calculated interaction energy and accounts for the results of mutagenesis experiments. On the basis of the structure obtained, we can suggest the molecular mechanisms underlying the actin-activated release of ATP hydrolysis products from myosin and the decrease in the affinity of myosin for actin upon binding of nucleotides.     

Status of the reproductive system of bony fish from the Teterev River and the Kiev Reservoir 20 years after the Chernobyl accident

The status of the reproductive system is investigated in five species of Teleostei from the Teterev River and the Kiev Reservoir (Ukraine), descendants of F₄2–F₇ generations of fish exposed to radiation from the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Twenty years after the accident, a wide range of morphofuinctional anomalies of this system is present in fish. The most significant of them are: asymmetry and anomalous morphology of gonads, proliferation of connective tissue—sterilization, mass destruction of follicular and sex cells of various developmental stages, and hermaphroditism. Among the investigated species, disturbances of reproductive glands were preset to the highest extent in pike Esox lucius and crucian carp Carassius carassius. In the series of investigated generations the maximum frequency of occurrence of gonad anomalies was noted in F₄ and F₅, due to prolonged mutagenesis (Dubinin, 1986).     

Reactivity of neurons of the orbito-frontal cortex of the cat during exposure to the scent or sight of food

Reactivity of neurones in orbitofrontal cortex of the cat to the action of light or sound was studied in consecutive stages of alimentary behaviour conditioned by the smell and then the sight of food. Changes were found of the character of neuronal reactions to the light and sound stimuli at the change of smell to the sight of food. A conclusion is drown, that polysensory properties of the neurones of the orbitofrontal cortex provide integral organization of brain sensory function at separate stages of alimentary behaviour.