Quantitative analysis of the temporal pattern of somite formation in the mouse and rat. A simple and accurate method for age determination

The relation between the logarithm of the volume of the embryo and the number of somites was studied in the mouse and rat in the period of about 0-43 somites, a period characterized by a very rapid volume increase. A linear relation was found, and the variability of the individual observations around the straight line was rather small. Using a previously defined age estimate, i.e. the 'developmental age' based on the embryonic volume, we also found a linear relation between this age estimate and the number of somites. With the help of this straight line, the developmental age can be estimated from the number of somites with an accuracy of less than 0.1 day. Therefore, the developmental age can be considered a better age estimate than those based on the usual methods. The time needed to form a new somite was found to be constant in both species during the period studied. The length of the period differed, and was 1.68 h in the mouse and 2.24 h in the rat. However, the volume of the embryo at the time when a specific somite was formed (for instance the 25th) appeared to be the same in both species. Comparison of the volume of embryos, embedded in paraffin and Epon and sectioned, enabled us to estimate the shrinkage in Epon embryos. The volume after processing was approximately 62% of the original volume.     

Cutting edge: a novel mechanism for rescue of B cells from CD95/Fas-mediated apoptosis.

CD95-induced apoptosis contributes to the maintenance of homeostasis in both B and T lymphocyte-mediated immunity. B cells increase CD95 expression in response to activation signals and become susceptible to CD95-induced apoptosis. Protection from CD95-mediated death signals can be induced in mature B cells by signals delivered through the B cell Ag receptor. In this paper we demonstrate for the first time that rescue from apoptosis can occur independently of de novo protein synthesis. This rescue from apoptosis prevents activation of caspase 8, the apical caspase in the CD95 death pathway, and CD95-FADD (Fas-associated death domain containing protein) association does not occur normally. Thus B cell activation signals can biochemically modify proximal elements of the CD95 death pathway and regulate the sensitivity of cells to apoptosis induction at an early stage in programmed cell death.     

Reconstructing labroid evolution with single-copy nuclear DNA.

Fifteen per cent of all living fishes are united in a single suborder (Labroidei) and display a dazzling array of behavioural and ecological traits. The labroids are considered monophyletic and members share a pharyngeal jaw apparatus (PJA) modified for crushing and processing prey. Outside of the explicitly functional PJA, there is no corroborative evidence for a monophyletic Labroidei. Here, we report the first molecular phylogenetic analysis of the suborder. Contrary to morphology-based phylogenies, our single-copy nuclear DNA data do not support labroid families as a natural group. Our data indicate that pharyngognathy has evolved independently among labroid families and that characters of the PJA are not reliable markers of perciform evolution. This work ''crushes'' conventional views of fish phylogeny and should engender novel concepts of piscine life history evolution.     

Hierarchy of effects of the MHC and T cell receptor beta-chain genes in susceptibility to Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease.

Intracerebral inoculation of susceptible mice with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus induces a demyelinating disease that is similar to human multiple sclerosis. This murine model for human multiple sclerosis is apparently immune-mediated and the genes involved in the immune response influence the outcome of disease susceptibility as observed with human multiple sclerosis. These genes include the MHC and TCR genes. However, the functional relationships among these genes on the disease susceptibility has not yet been studied. In this study, we demonstrate that the effect of the H-2s genotype from susceptible SJL/J mice overrides the resistant effect of the BALB/c TCR beta-chain gene in CXJ recombinant-inbred and BALB.S congenic mice. These results strongly suggest the presence of a hierarchy of genes involved in the immune response in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease.