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11.
David McElroy Douglas A. Chamberlain Eunpyo Moon Kate J. Wilson 《Molecular breeding : new strategies in plant improvement》1995,1(1):27-37
The use of reporter genes to characterise sequence elements that act to regulate gene expression in transgenic plants has been vital to the development of foreign gene expression strategies for use in cereal transformation. ThegusA locus ofEscherichia coli, which encodes the enzyme-glucuronidase (GUS), is by far the most popular reporter gene used in plant transformation. In this paper we extend the utility of the GUS reporter gene system in cereal transformation by describing and evaluating a number of novel constructs suitable for use in direct gene transfer experiments. These plasmids are all available from the Molecular Genetic Resource Service of the Center for the Application of Molecular Biology to International Agriculture. 相似文献
12.
Evaluation of mass spectrometric techniques for charaterization of engineered proteins 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Roepstorff Peter Schram Karl H. Andersen Jens S. Rafn Kate Baldursson Trausti Krøll Jenny Poulsen Kjeld Knudsen Jens Kristiansen Karsten 《Molecular biotechnology》1995,3(1):1-7
A simple and versatile method of in vitro site-specific mutagenesis based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is described.
The complete method required the use of three oligonucleotide primers and two PCRs. The product of the first PCR was used
as one of the primers (megaprimer) in the second PCR. Essentially 100% of the final product incorporated the desired mutation.
The various aspects of the procedure and its application is described in detail. 相似文献
13.
Locus Heterogeneity for Waardenburg Syndrome is Predictive of Clinical Subtypes 总被引:5,自引:4,他引:1
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Lindsay A. Farrer Kathleen S. Arnos James H. Asher Clinton T. Baldwin Scott R. Diehl Thomas B. Friedman Jacquie Greenberg Kenneth M. Grundfast Christopher Hoth Anil K. Lalwani Barbara Landa Kate Leverton Aubrey Milunsky Robert Morell Walter E. Nance Valerie Newton Rajkumar Ramesar Valluri S. Rao Jennifer E. Reynolds Theresa B. San Agustin Edward R. Wilcox Ingrid Winship Andrew P. Read 《American journal of human genetics》1994,55(4):728-737
Waardenburg syndrome (WS) is a dominantly inherited and clinically variable syndrome of deafness, pigmentary changes, and distinctive facial features. Clinically, WS type I (WS1) is differentiated from WS type II (WS2) by the high frequency of dystopia canthorum in the family. In some families, WS is caused by mutations in the PAX3 gene on chromosome 2q. We have typed microsatellite markers within and flanking PAX3 in 41 WS1 kindreds and 26 WS2 kindreds in order to estimate the proportion of families with probable mutations in PAX3 and to study the relationship between phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity. Evaluation of heterogeneity in location scores obtained by multilocus analysis indicated that WS is linked to PAX3 in 60% of all WS families and in 100% of WS1 families. None of the WS2 families were linked. In those families in which equivocal lod scores (between −2 and +1) were found, PAX3 mutations have been identified in 5 of the 15 WS1 families but in none of the 4 WS2 families. Although preliminary studies do not suggest any association between the phenotype and the molecular pathology in 20 families with known PAX3 mutations and in four patients with chromosomal abnormalities in the vicinity of PAX3, the presence of dystopia in multiple family members is a reliable indicator for identifying families likely to have a defect in PAX3. 相似文献
14.
Steven R. Scofield David A. Jones Kate Harrison Jonathan D. G. Jones 《Molecular & general genetics : MGG》1994,244(2):189-196
Antibiotic resistance genes can act as either cell autonomous or non-cell autonomous genetic markers with which to monitor the excision of plant transposons. To convert spectinomycin resistance from a noncell autonomous resistance to cell autonomous resistance, a transit peptide for chloroplast localization from a petunia ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (rbcS) gene was fused in-frame to the aadA gene, which confers spectinomycin and streptomycin resistance. Constructs were generated in which the expression of this chimeric gene was prevented by the presence, in the 5 untranslated leader, of the maize transposons Activator (Ac) or Dissociation (Ds). When progeny of tobacco or tomato plants transformed with these constructs were germinated on spectinomycin-containing medium, germinally revertant and somatically variegated individuals could be distinguished. 相似文献
15.
Deborah Long June Swinburne Marta Martin Kate Wilson Eva Sundberg Karen Lee George Coupland 《Molecular & general genetics : MGG》1993,241(5-6):627-636
The Ac/Ds transposon system of maize shows low activity in Arabidopsis. However, fusion of the CaMV 35S promoter to the transposase gene (35S::TPase) increases the abundance of the single Ac mRNA encoded by Ac and increases the frequency of Ds excision. In the experiments reported here it is examined whether this high excision frequency is associated with efficient re-insertion of the transposon. This was measured by using a Ds that carried a hygromycin resistance gene (HPT) and was inserted within a streptomycin resistance gene (SPT). Excision of Ds therefore gives rise to streptomycin resistance, while hygromycin resistance is associated with the presence of a transposed Ds or with retention of the element at its original location. Self-fertilisation of most individuals heterozygous for Ds and 35S::TPase produced many streptomycin-resistant (strepr) progeny, but in many of these families a small proportion of strepr seedlings were also resistant to hygromycin (hygr). Nevertheless, 70% of families tested did give rise to at least one strepr, hygr seedling, and over 90% of these individuals carried a transposed Ds. In contrast, the Ac promoter fusion to the transposase gene (Ac::TPase) produced fewer streprhygr progeny, and only 53% of these carried a transposed Ds. However, a higher proportion of the strepr seedlings were also hygr than after activation by 35S::TPase. We also examined the genotype of strepr, hygr seedlings and demonstrated that after activation by 35S::TPase many of these were homozygous for the transposed Ds, while this did not occur after activation by Ac::TPase. From these and other data we conclude that excisions driven by 35S::TPase usually occur prior to floral development, and that although a low proportion of strepr progeny plants inherit a transposed Ds, those that do can be efficiently selected with an antibiotic resistance gene contained within the element. Our data have important implications for transposon tagging strategies in transgenic plants and these are discussed. 相似文献
16.
David W. Kikuchi William L. Allen Kevin Arbuckle Thomas G. Aubier Emmanuelle S. Briolat Emily R. Burdfield-Steel Karen L. Cheney Klára Daňková Marianne Elias Liisa Hämäläinen Marie E. Herberstein Thomas J. Hossie Mathieu Joron Krushnamegh Kunte Brian C. Leavell Carita Lindstedt Ugo Lorioux-Chevalier Melanie McClure Callum F. McLellan Iliana Medina Viraj Nawge Erika Páez Arka Pal Stano Pekár Olivier Penacchio Jan Raška Tom Reader Bibiana Rojas Katja H. Rönkä Daniela C. Rößler Candy Rowe Hannah M. Rowland Arlety Roy Kaitlin A. Schaal Thomas N. Sherratt John Skelhorn Hannah R. Smart Ted Stankowich Amanda M. Stefan Kyle Summers Christopher H. Taylor Rose Thorogood Kate Umbers Anne E. Winters Justin Yeager Alice Exnerová 《Journal of evolutionary biology》2023,36(7):975-991
Prey seldom rely on a single type of antipredator defence, often using multiple defences to avoid predation. In many cases, selection in different contexts may favour the evolution of multiple defences in a prey. However, a prey may use multiple defences to protect itself during a single predator encounter. Such “defence portfolios” that defend prey against a single instance of predation are distributed across and within successive stages of the predation sequence (encounter, detection, identification, approach (attack), subjugation and consumption). We contend that at present, our understanding of defence portfolio evolution is incomplete, and seen from the fragmentary perspective of specific sensory systems (e.g., visual) or specific types of defences (especially aposematism). In this review, we aim to build a comprehensive framework for conceptualizing the evolution of multiple prey defences, beginning with hypotheses for the evolution of multiple defences in general, and defence portfolios in particular. We then examine idealized models of resource trade-offs and functional interactions between traits, along with evidence supporting them. We find that defence portfolios are constrained by resource allocation to other aspects of life history, as well as functional incompatibilities between different defences. We also find that selection is likely to favour combinations of defences that have synergistic effects on predator behaviour and prey survival. Next, we examine specific aspects of prey ecology, genetics and development, and predator cognition that modify the predictions of current hypotheses or introduce competing hypotheses. We outline schema for gathering data on the distribution of prey defences across species and geography, determining how multiple defences are produced, and testing the proximate mechanisms by which multiple prey defences impact predator behaviour. Adopting these approaches will strengthen our understanding of multiple defensive strategies. 相似文献
17.
Jan Raška Kateřina Chalušová Jan Krajiček Radomír Čabala Zuzana Bosáková Pavel Štys Alice Exnerová 《Journal of evolutionary biology》2023,36(7):1050-1064
Many prey species change their antipredator defence during ontogeny, which may be connected to different potential predators over the life cycle of the prey. To test this hypothesis, we compared reactions of two predator taxa – spiders and birds – to larvae and adults of two invasive true bug species, Oxycarenus hyalinipennis and Oxycarenus lavaterae (Heteroptera: Oxycarenidae) with life-stage-specific chemical defence mechanisms. The reactions to larvae and adults of both true bug species strikingly differed between the two predator taxa. The spiders were deterred by the defences of adult bugs, but the larval defences were ineffective against them. By contrast, birds attacked the larvae considerably less often than the adult bugs. The results indicate a predator-specific ontogenetic change in defence effectiveness of both Oxycarenus species. The change in defence is likely linked to the life-stage-specific composition of secretions in both species: whereas secretions of larvae are dominated by unsaturated aldehydes, secretions of adults are rich in terpenoids, which probably serve dual function of defensive chemicals and pheromones. Our results highlight the variation in defence between different life stages and the importance of testing responses of different types of predators. 相似文献
18.
Julia L. Riley Tonya M. Haff Julia Ryeland Eleanor Drinkwater Kate D. L. Umbers 《Journal of evolutionary biology》2023,36(7):992-1002
Deimatic behaviour is performed by prey when attacked by predators as part of an antipredator strategy. The behaviour is part of a sequence that consists of several defences, for example they can be preceded by camouflage and followed by a hidden putatively aposematic signal that is only revealed when the deimatic behaviour is performed. When displaying their hidden signal, mountain katydids (Acripeza reticulata) hold their wings vertically, exposing striking red and black stripes with blue spots and oozing an alkaloid-rich chemical defence derived from its Senecio diet. Understanding differences and interactions between deimatism and aposematism has proven problematic, so in this study we isolated the putative aposematic signal of the mountain katydid's antipredator strategy to measure its survival value in the absence of their deimatic behaviour. We manipulated two aspects of the mountain katydid's signal, colour pattern and whole body shape during display. We deployed five kinds of clay models, one negative control and four katydid-like treatments, in 15 grids across part of the mountain katydid's distribution to test the hypothesis that their hidden signal is aposematic. If this hypothesis holds true, we expected that the models, which most closely resembled real katydids would be attacked the least. Instead, we found that models that most closely resembled real katydids were the most likely to be attacked. We suggest several ideas to explain these results, including that the deimatic phase of the katydid's display, the change from a camouflaged state to exposing its hidden signal, may have important protective value. 相似文献
19.
Jonathan D. G. Jones David A. Jones Gerard J. Bishop Kate Harrison Bernard J. Carroll Steven R. Scofield 《Transgenic research》1993,2(2):63-78
Cell-autonomous genes have been used to monitor the excision of both endogenous transposons in maize andAntirrhinum, and transposons introduced into transgenic plants. In tobacco andArabidopsis, the streptomycin phosphotransferase (SPT) gene reveals somatic excision of the maize transposonActivator (Ac) as green sectors on a white background in cotyledons of seedlings germinated in the presence of streptomycin. Cotyledons of tomato seedlings germinated on streptomycin-containing medium do not bleach, suggesting that a different assay for transposon excision in tomato is desirable. We have tested the use of the spectinomycin resistance (SPEC) gene (aadA) and a Basta resistance (BAR) gene (phosphinothricin acetyltransferase, or PAT) for monitoring somatic excision ofAc in tobacco and tomato. Both genetic and molecular studies demonstrate that genotypically variegated individuals that carry clones of cells from whichAc orDs have excised from either SPEC or BAR genes, can be phenotypically completely resistant to the corresponding antibiotic. This demonstrates that these genes act non-cell-autonomously, in contrast to the SPT gene in tobacco. Possible reasons for this difference are discussed. 相似文献
20.
Anthony G. Lee Kate A. Dalton Richard C. Duggleby J. Malcolm East Anthony P. Starling 《Bioscience reports》1995,15(5):289-298
Effects of lipid structure on the function of the Ca2+-ATPase of skeletal muscle of sarcoplasmic reticulum are reviewed. Binding of phospholipids to the ATPase shows little specificity. Phosphatidylcholines with short (C14) or long (C24) fatty acyl chains have marked effects on the activity of the ATPase, including a change in the stoichiometry of Ca binding. Low ATPase activity in gel phase lipid follows from low rate of phosphorylation. Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate increases ATPase activity by increasing the rate of dephosphorylation of the phosphorylated ATPase. Stimulation is not seen with other anionic phospholipids; phosphatidic acid decreases ATPase activity in a Mg2+-dependent manner.Abbreviations di(C141)PC
dimyristoleoylphosphatidycholine
- di(C160)PC
dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
- di(C181)PC
dioleoylphosphatidylcholine
- di(Br2C180)PC
dibromostearoylphosphatidylcholine
- di(C241)PC
dinervonylphosphatidylcholine
- di(C181)PA
dioleoylphosphatidic acid
- di(C181)PE
dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine
- Ptdlns
phosphatidylinositol
- PtdIns-4P
phos-phatidylinositol 4-phosphate 相似文献