Current and future potential distributions of three Dracaena Vand. ex L. species under two contrasting climate change scenarios in Africa

Forest undergrowth plants are tightly connected with the shady and humid conditions that occur under the canopy of tropical forests. However, projected climatic changes, such as decreasing precipitation and increasing temperature, negatively affect understory environments by promoting light‐demanding and drought‐tolerant species. Therefore, we aimed to quantify the influence of climate change on the spatial distribution of three selected forest undergrowth plants, Dracaena Vand. ex L. species, D. afromontana Mildbr., D. camerooniana Baker, and D. surculosa Lindl., simultaneously creating the most comprehensive location database for these species to date. A total of 1,223 herbarium records originating from tropical Africa and derived from 93 herbarium collections worldwide have been gathered, validated, and entered into a database. Species‐specific Maxent species distribution models (SDMs) based on 11 bioclimatic variables from the WorldClim database were developed for the species. HadGEM2‐ES projections of bioclimatic variables in two contrasting representative concentration pathways (RCPs), RCP2.6 and RCP8.5, were used to quantify the changes in future potential species distribution. D. afromontana is mostly sensitive to temperature in the wettest month, and its potential geographical range is predicted to decrease (up to ?63.7% at RCP8.5). Optimum conditions for D. camerooniana are low diurnal temperature range (6–8°C) and precipitation in the wettest season exceeding 750 mm. The extent of this species will also decrease, but not as drastically as that of D. afromontana. D. surculosa prefers high precipitation in the coldest months. Its potential habitat area is predicted to increase in the future and to expand toward the east. This study developed SDMs and estimated current and future (year 2050) potential distributions of the forest undergrowth Dracaena species. D. afromontana, naturally associated with mountainous plant communities, was the most sensitive to predicted climate warming. In contrast, D. surculosa was predicted to extend its geographical range, regardless of the climate change scenario.     

Relationship between paired cord blood and milk POPs levels as a tool for assessing perinatal exposure,a pilot study

The long-term health threats posed to humans exposed to pollutants acting as endocrine disruptors (EDs) is yet to be quantified. There is insufficient knowledge about the sources and magnitude of exposure to selected polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) during the most sensitive period of fetal development, suggesting the need for a study. Organochlorine pesticides, classified as being persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and potential EDs, were also included in this analysis. Xenobiotics were measured in paired fetal cord blood and maternal breast milk samples. There were no significant differences in the concentrations of PCB-101, PBDE-47, and PBDE-99 between maternal milk and cord blood according to the Wilcoxon test, and the Spearman tests demonstrated significant correlations in β-HCH, γ-HCH, p,p'-DDE, and PCB-118 between maternal milk and cord blood from the same subjects. All others tested (HCB, β-HCH, γ-HCH, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDT, PCB-101, PCB-138, PCB-153, PCB-170, PCB-180, PBDE-153) demonstrated significant differences in the same subject women with concentrations significantly higher in maternal milk than in cord blood. The presence of these compounds found in cord blood and maternal milk indicates that both are a source of perinatal exposure to these pollutants. This study opens up the opportunity for new research in estimating a prenatal exposure based on breast milk concentrations of organohalogen compounds.     

The Relationships between Polymorphisms in Genes Encoding the Growth Factors TGF-β1, PDGFB,EGF, bFGF and VEGF-A and the Restenosis Process in Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease Treated with Bare Metal Stent

Background

Neointima forming after stent implantation consists of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in 90%. Growth factors TGF-β1, PDGFB, EGF, bFGF and VEGF-A play an important role in VSMC proliferation and migration to the tunica intima after arterial wall injury. The aim of this paper was an analysis of functional polymorphisms in genes encoding TGF-β1, PDGFB, EGF, bFGF and VEGF-A in relation to in-stent restenosis (ISR).

Materials and Methods

265 patients with a stable coronary artery disease (SCAD) hospitalized in our center in the years 2007–2011 were included in the study. All patients underwent stent implantation at admission to the hospital and had another coronary angiography performed due to recurrence of the ailments or a positive result of the test assessing the coronary flow reserve. Angiographically significant ISR was defined as stenosis >50% in the stented coronary artery segment. The patients were divided into two groups–with angiographically significant ISR (n = 53) and without significant ISR (n = 212). Additionally, the assessment of late lumen loss (LLL) in vessel was performed. EGF rs4444903 polymorphism was genotyped using the PCR-RFLP method whilst rs1800470 (TGFB1), rs2285094 (PDGFB) rs308395 (bFGF) and rs699947 (VEGF-A) were determined using the TaqMan method.

Results

Angiographically significant ISR was significantly less frequently observed in the group of patients with the A/A genotype of rs1800470 polymorphism (TGFB1) versus patients with A/G and G/G genotypes. In the multivariable analysis, LLL was significantly lower in patients with the A/A genotype of rs1800470 (TGFB1) versus those with the A/G and G/G genotypes and higher in patients with the A/A genotype of the VEGF-A polymorphism versus the A/C and C/C genotypes. The C/C genotype of rs2285094 (PDGFB) was associated with greater LLL compared to C/T heterozygotes and T/T homozygotes.

Conclusions

The polymorphisms rs1800470, rs2285094 and rs6999447 of the TGFB1, PDGFB and VEGF-A genes, respectively, are associated with LLL in patients with SCAD treated by PCI with a metal stent implantation.     

Cis-regulatory elements used to control gene expression in plants

Plant biotechnology is a dynamically developing science, which comprises many fields of knowledge. Novel plant genetic engineering findings highly influence the improvement of industrial production. These findings mostly concern cis-regulatory elements, which are sequences controlling gene expression at all developmental stages. They comprise of promoters, enhancers, insulators and silencers, which are used to construct synthetic expression cassettes. Examples of most important cis-regulatory elements are reviewed in the present paper. Variability among core promoters content and distal promoter regions impedes evaluation of interactions between them during the artificial promoters construction. Synthetic promoters and artificial expression cassettes trigger a significant increase in gene expression level, better properties and quality of a product. Accumulating knowledge about gene promoters, cis sequences and their cooperating factors allows uniform expression systems and highly predictable results.     

Oxidation of flavonoids by hypochlorous acid: reaction kinetics and antioxidant activity studies

Flavonoids, plant polyphenols, ubiquitous components of human diet, are excellent antioxidants. Hypochlorous acid (HOCl), produced by activated neutrophils, is highly reactive chlorinating and oxidizing species. It has been reported earlier that flavonoids are chlorinated by HOCl. Here we show that flavonoids from flavonol subclass are also oxidized by HOCl, but only if the latter is in a large molar excess (≥?10). The kinetics of this reaction was studied by stopped-flow spectrophotometry, at different pH. We found that flavonols were oxidized by HOCl with the rate constants of the order of 10⁴–10⁵ M^?1 s^?1 at pH 7.5. Antioxidant activity of HOCl-modified flavonoids was measured by 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) method. Slightly higher antioxidant activity, compared to parent compounds, was observed for flavonols after their reaction with equimolar or moderate excess of HOCl whereas flavonols treated with high molar excess of HOCl exhibited decrease in antioxidant activity. The mechanism of flavonoid reaction with HOCl at physiological pH is proposed, and biological consequences of this reaction are discussed.     

Activity Budgets of Captive Cape Fur Seals (Arctocephalus pusillus) Under a Training Regime

Ethograms and time budgets are crucial for the behavioral assessment of nonhuman animals in zoos, and they serve as references for welfare research. This study was conducted to obtain detailed time budgets of trained Cape fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus) in captivity, to evaluate variations of these patterns, and to determine whether abnormal behaviors had been displayed. Behavioral data for 3 Cape fur seals in the Wroclaw Zoo were collected, and more than 300 observation hours (during a 12-month period) per individual were analyzed. The studied animals exhibited a diversified repertoire of natural behaviors with apparent seasonal and daily patterns, and they did not present stereotypic behaviors. Significant differences of interaction rates between individuals suggest more frequent affiliative interactions among related animals. The absence of stereotypic behaviors, good health of individuals, and the presence of diversified natural behaviors indicated relatively good welfare of Cape fur seals kept in the Wroclaw Zoo.     

Ultrastructural Impact of Tobacco Rattle Virus on Tobacco and Pepper Ovary and Anther Tissues

The one‐third of plant viruses are seed transmitted, and this has significant economic consequences. Tobacco rattle virus (TRV), belonging to the genus Tobravirus and family Virgaviridae, has one of the widest host range of any known plant viruses. TRV infects vegetative organ and effects seed and pollen development that results in a decrease in crop yield. The mechanisms by which Tobravirus is transmissible to seeds are still poorly understood. The presence of the virus in pollen grains and inside ovaries is linked with seed transmission and can have effects on virus particles' transport during the pollination and fertilization process. This paper focuses on the significant impact of TRV on pepper and tobacco anthers and ultrastructure changes in ovaries. The presence of two types of TRV particles in ovary wall parenchyma and vascular tissues as well as in placenta cells was demonstrated via ultrastructural analysis. For the first time, the regular inclusion of virus particles was reported in both ovule integuments and nucellus parenchyma cells. Immunolocalization of TRV capsid proteins indicated the deposition of TRV CP epitope in ovary vascular bundles and in placenta cells. Moreover, the presence of virus particles was demonstrated inside pepper seeds in endothelium and integument parenchyma layers as well as on the embryo cell wall. Virus particles were found not only on the surface of pollen grains but also inside pepper pollen protoplasts in mature anthers. Also, this is the first time where TRV particles are reported in both differentiated endothecium cells and the remaining tapetum cells. Moreover, the detection of TRV capsid protein epitope in tobacco and pepper vascular anther tissues as well as in tapetum and endothecium cells was correlated with TRV distribution in infected anthers. Demonstrated analyses indicated that pollen grains and ovaries with ovules as well as could be a natural source of TRV transmission.     

Expression of Bcl-2 and Bax protein in normal pineal gland in children and young adult

Summary The Bcl family contains both pro and antiapoptotic proteins participating in the regulation of neuronal cell death in several pathological conditions. However, very little is known about physiological profiles of Bcl-2/Bax expression in normal brain. In this study, we examined expression profile of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins in normal pineal gland in children. The material for analysis was obtained by biopsy of pineal parenchyma during surgery of pineal cysts. All specimens were labeled immunohistochemically and analyzed by means of confocal laser scanning microscope. We found only few Bcl-2 expressing (0.7%) and no Bax-immunopositive (0.0%) pinealocytes. Bcl-2-positive cells were mature neurons, neither young ones nor glia.     

Gene mapping of 28S and 5S rDNA sites in the spined loach Cobitis taenia (Pisces, Cobitidae) from a diploid population and a diploid–tetraploid population

We compare the chromosomal 28S and 5S rDNA patterns of the spined loach C. taenia (2n = 48) from an exclusively diploid population and from a diploid–polyploid population using 28S and 5S rDNA probe preparation and labelling, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The 5S rDNA was located in two to three chromosome pairs, and separated from the 28S loci for the males and one female (F1) from the diploid population. Loaches from a diploid–polyploid population, and one female (F2) from the diploid population were characterized by at least one chromosome pair with 5S and 28S overlapping signals. The fishes differed mainly in their number of 28S rDNA loci, located on 3–6 chromosomes. All individuals from both populations were characterized by one acrocentric chromosome bearing a 28S rDNA signal on the telomeres of its long arm. The number of major ribosomal DNA in the karyotype of C. taenia by FISH was always higher than the number of Ag-NORs. Our data confirm the extensive polymorphism of NORs in both populations, as already has been observed in closely related Cobitis species, and less polymorphic 5S rDNA pattern. However, this preliminary result highlights the need for a wider scale study.