Tracking the physical aging of poly(ethylene oxide): A technical note

Physical aging of 2 types of PEO could be tracked by the combination of PALS, DSC, and SEM methods. After storing the samples at 40°C±2°C and 75%±5% RH, a decrease in the o-Ps lifetime values and an increase in the melting enthalpies as a function of storage time indicated a reorientation of the polymer chains. The limitations of monitoring enthalpy relaxation confirm the importance of methods that track volume relaxation, such as PALS. Structural changes could be observed even after a short storage time (4 weeks), which highlights the effect of further investigations of the influence of physical aging on the properties of PEO-containing dosage forms.     

Three-dimensional tissue constructs built by bioprinting

Bioprinting is an evolving tissue engineering technology. It utilizes computer controlled three-dimensional printers for rapid and high-precision construction of three-dimensional biological structures. We employed discrete and continuous bioprinting to build three-dimensional tissue constructs. In the former case bioink particles - spherical cell aggregates composed of many thousands of cells - are delivered one by one into biocompatible scaffolds, the biopaper. Structure formation takes place by the subsequent fusion of the bioink particles due to their liquid-like and self-assembly properties. In the latter case a mixture of cells and scaffold material is extruded from the biocartridge akin to toothpaste to arrive at the desired construct. Specifically, we built rectangular tissue blocks of several hundred microns in thickness as well as tubular structures of several millimeters in height. The physical basis of structure formation was studied by computer simulations.     

Genetic variation and its relationship to population size in reintroduced populations of pink sand verbena, Abronia umbellata subsp. breviflora (Nyctaginaceae)

Genetic monitoring of reintroduced plantpopulations can allow assessment of the successin establishing new populations thatgenetically resemble native populations. Weused a PCR-based method (Intersimple SequenceRepeats) to quantify genetic variation in fourreintroduced populations of Abroniaumbellata ssp. breviflora, an annualforb native to the Pacific Coast that isstate-listed endangered in Oregon. Thereintroduced populations ranged in size from 18to 4,111 individuals in the year they weresampled. Genetic variation was also quantifiedin the natural population that served as theseed source for the reintroduction efforts. Atotal of 77 loci (bands) was observed using twoISSR primers, providing 65 polymorphic loci. Asignificant, positive regression was observedbetween the log of population size for the fivepopulations and genetic variation when measuredas percent polymorphic loci (P), expectedheterozygosity (H_e> ), and with adissimilarity index (1 – S_xy) based on bandsharing. Two of the reintroduced populationsmaintained approximately 90% of the geneticvariation we observed in the source population. Based on these results, we predict thatreintroduced populations of A. u. ssp.breviflora that have at least 1,000individuals should maintain 90% of the geneticvariation of the source population.     

Pollen viability,vigor, and competitive ability in Erythronium grandiflorum (Liliaceae)

To determine how the capability of pollen is affected by lengthy exposure to field conditions, we obtained pollen samples (from Erythronium grandiflorum) that were fresh (from newly dehisced anthers) or aged, from 6 to 24 hr. Without pretreating the collected grains, we compared their abilities 1) to retain viability, as indicated by the Heslop-Harrison fluorochromatic reaction (FCR) test; 2) to retain germinability, as indicated by pollen-tube growth in vitro on Brewbaker-Kwack medium; 3) to sire seeds when used as a pollen donor on recipient flowers in the field; and 4) to sire seeds competitively when mixed with another donor pollen in competitive pollinations. FCR scores declined drastically with pollen age. Germinability typically declined with age, but less drastically; the correlation between FCR and germinability ranged from strong to nil in different trials. The sharp decline in FCR was probably due to nonlethal, reversible desiccation. Seed-siring success, both in competitive and noncompetitive trials, bore no relation to pollen age or to germinability. Any loss in seed-siring ability in E. grandiflorum pollen over 24 hr is apparently overwhelmed by other sources of variation. The lack of correlation between seed-siring ability and FCR or germinability scores means that those tests should not be used to estimate overall pollen competence in this species. They should be so used in other species only if experiments have demonstrated their greater reliability.     

The role of aeration and agitation in the production of glucose oxidase in submerged culture

The influence of agitation and aeration on growth and on production of glucose oxidase of Asp. niger has been studied. It was found that both rate of growth and glucose oxidase production was higher at an agitation speed of 700 rpm than at 460 rpm. Further increase in speed of agitation resulted in neither a higher rate of growth nor a higher glucose oxidase activity. Total glucose oxidase activity was highest in a medium containing 5% sugar (at an agitation speed of 700 rpm) and did not get higher when the sugar concentration of the medium was increased to 7%. When pure oxygen was bubbled through the culture the rate of growth of the culture (in the linear phase) was 95 mg. mycelial dry wt./100 ml./hr., and only 61 mg. when air was applied. The glucose oxidase activity of oxygenated culture was double the activity of aerated culture. Viscosity of the homogenized culture became higher with higher concentration of mycelia. The viscosity of oxygenated culture was found to be lower than that of aerated culture.     

Gene regulation during anaerobiosis in soya roots

The proteins of soybean roots undergoing anaerobiosis can be grouped into three classes. Class 1 proteins are induced severalfold and at least 28 of these were identified by in vivo labeling. These proteins include the enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), fructose aldolase, pyruvate decarboxylase, phosphoglucomutase, and lactate dehydrogenase. Class 2 proteins include such enzymes as glucose phosphate isomerase, sucrase, and malate dehydrogenase; their specific activity remains constant in aerobiosis or anaerobiosis. The third class of proteins includes those enzymes such as peroxidase whose activity decreases more than 90% after just 1 day in anaerobiosis. Immunoblotting coupled with two-dimensional chromatography of in vitro translated plant extracts demonstrated that ADH level during anaerobiosis is controlled by its mRNA concentration. Little or no mRNA for ADH was detected in aerobically grown roots. This suggests that the increased level of ADH activity is due to de novo synthesis of the mRNA rather than activation of a sequestered mRNA or superactivation of the protein.     

Inbreeding effects on mating system traits for two species of Lupinus (Leguminosae)

The consequences of inbreeding for reproductive traits were investigated for two closely related annual lupines that differ in their mating system. Lupinus bicolor (Leguminosae) is a primarily selling species while Lupinus nanus outcrosses at intermediate rates. A controlled crossing program was used for each species to produce selfed and outcrossed progeny. These progeny were then grown in a greenhouse and scored for the date of first flower, flower morphology, and autofertility. Selfed progeny of L. bicolor produced significantly smaller flowers but did not differ from outcrossed progeny for the remaining traits. Selfed progeny of L. nanus produced flowers that significantly differed in shape and had fewer ovules than the flowers of outcrossed progeny. Selfed progeny of L. nanus also had significantly lower rates of autofertility in comparison to outcrossed progeny. The significant effects of inbreeding on these mating system traits may indicate the presence of directional dominance at the loci underlying these characters. The consequences of these direct effects of inbreeding on reproductive traits for plants growing in natural populations may include nonadaptive changes in the outcrossing rate between generations.     

Growth factor-like phospholipids generated after corneal injury

The present study provides evidence that growth factor-likeglycerophosphate mediators of the lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) familyare present in the aqueous humor and the lacrimal gland fluid of therabbit eye. By use of a combination of HPLC, two-dimensional TLC, massspectrometry, and the Xenopus oocytebioassay, the LPA-like phospholipids LPA, cyclic PA,alkenyl-glycerophosphate (GP), lysophosphatidylserine, and phosphatidicacid were detected as physiological constituents of the fluids bathingthe cornea. Corneal injury resulted in an increased production of someof these mediators. Alkenyl-GP, a novel member of the LPA family, hasbeen identified in postinjury aqueous humor, establishing that it isgenerated endogenously. LPA and its homologues were found to bemitogenic in freshly dissociated keratocytes from uninjured corneas.There appears to be a link between the occurrence of LPA responsivenessin keratocytes activated by injury and the increase in LPA-likeactivity in aqueous humor. These data suggest that LPA and itshomologues are involved in maintaining the integrity of the normalcornea and in promoting cellular regeneration of the injured cornea.

     

Anaerobiosis revisited: growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under extremely low oxygen availability

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology - The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae plays an important role in biotechnological applications, ranging from fuel ethanol to recombinant protein...