全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1449篇 |
免费 | 117篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 17篇 |
2020年 | 10篇 |
2019年 | 13篇 |
2018年 | 15篇 |
2017年 | 18篇 |
2016年 | 26篇 |
2015年 | 40篇 |
2014年 | 40篇 |
2013年 | 58篇 |
2012年 | 78篇 |
2011年 | 65篇 |
2010年 | 42篇 |
2009年 | 56篇 |
2008年 | 68篇 |
2007年 | 65篇 |
2006年 | 55篇 |
2005年 | 59篇 |
2004年 | 68篇 |
2003年 | 66篇 |
2002年 | 59篇 |
2001年 | 56篇 |
2000年 | 63篇 |
1999年 | 43篇 |
1998年 | 28篇 |
1997年 | 16篇 |
1996年 | 26篇 |
1995年 | 12篇 |
1994年 | 14篇 |
1993年 | 26篇 |
1992年 | 20篇 |
1991年 | 15篇 |
1990年 | 24篇 |
1989年 | 20篇 |
1988年 | 25篇 |
1987年 | 19篇 |
1986年 | 14篇 |
1985年 | 20篇 |
1984年 | 14篇 |
1983年 | 15篇 |
1982年 | 14篇 |
1980年 | 11篇 |
1979年 | 12篇 |
1978年 | 14篇 |
1976年 | 9篇 |
1975年 | 11篇 |
1974年 | 18篇 |
1973年 | 10篇 |
1972年 | 17篇 |
1971年 | 12篇 |
1966年 | 7篇 |
排序方式: 共有1566条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
71.
Evaluation of dental enamel caries assessment using Quantitative Light Induced Fluorescence and Optical Coherence Tomography 下载免费PDF全文
Ana Marly Araújo Maia Anderson Zanardi de Freitas Sergio de L. Campello Anderson Stevens Leônidas Gomes Lena Karlsson 《Journal of biophotonics》2016,9(6):596-602
An in vitro study of morphological alterations between sound dental structure and artificially induced white spot lesions in human teeth, was performed through the loss of fluorescence by Quantitative Light‐Induced Fluorescence (QLF) and the alterations of the light attenuation coefficient by Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). To analyze the OCT images using a commercially available system, a special algorithm was applied, whereas the QLF images were analyzed using the software available in the commercial system employed. When analyzing the sound region against white spot lesions region by QLF, a reduction in the fluorescence intensity was observed, whilst an increase of light attenuation by the OCT system occurred. Comparison of the percentage of alteration between optical properties of sound and artificial enamel caries regions showed that OCT processed images through the attenuation of light enhanced the tooth optical alterations more than fluorescence detected by QLF System.
72.
Oskar Karlsson Rodosthenis S. Rodosthenous Calvin Jara Kasey J. Brennan Robert O. Wright Andrea A. Baccarelli 《Epigenetics》2016,11(10):721-729
Breastmilk has many documented beneficial effects on the developing human infant, but the components of breastmilk that influence these developmental pathways have not been fully elucidated. Increasing evidence suggests that non-coding RNAs encapsulated in extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent an important mechanism of communication between the mother and child. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are of particular interest given their key role in gene expression and development. However, it is not known whether breastmilk EVs contain lncRNAs. We used qRT-PCR to determine whether EVs isolated from human breastmilk contain lncRNAs previously reported to be important for developmental processes. We detected 55 of the 87 screened lncRNAs in EVs from the 30 analyzed breastmilk samples, and CRNDE, DANCR, GAS5, SRA1 and ZFAS1 were detected in >90% of the samples. GAS5, SNHG8 and ZFAS1 levels were highly correlated (Spearman's rho > 0.9; P < 0.0001), which may indicate that the loading of these lncRNAs into breastmilk EVs is regulated by the same pathways. The detected lncRNAs are important epigenetic regulators involved in processes such as immune cell regulation and metabolism. They may target a repertoire of recipient cells in offspring and could be essential for child development and health. Further experimental and epidemiological studies are warranted to determine the impact of breastmilk EV-encapsulated lnRNAs in mother to child signaling. 相似文献
73.
Neuronal specification is often seen as a multistep process: earlier regulators confer broad neuronal identity and are followed by combinatorial codes specifying neuronal properties unique to specific subtypes. However, it is still unclear whether early regulators are re-deployed in subtype-specific combinatorial codes, and whether early patterning events act to restrict the developmental potential of postmitotic cells. Here, we use the differential peptidergic fate of two lineage-related peptidergic neurons in the Drosophila ventral nerve cord to show how, in a feedforward mechanism, earlier determinants become critical players in later combinatorial codes. Amongst the progeny of neuroblast 5–6 are two peptidergic neurons: one expresses FMRFamide and the other one expresses Nplp1 and the dopamine receptor DopR. We show the HLH gene collier functions at three different levels to progressively restrict neuronal identity in the 5–6 lineage. At the final step, collier is the critical combinatorial factor that differentiates two partially overlapping combinatorial codes that define FMRFamide versus Nplp1/DopR identity. Misexpression experiments reveal that both codes can activate neuropeptide gene expression in vast numbers of neurons. Despite their partially overlapping composition, we find that the codes are remarkably specific, with each code activating only the proper neuropeptide gene. These results indicate that a limited number of regulators may constitute a potent combinatorial code that dictates unique neuronal cell fate, and that such codes show a surprising disregard for many global instructive cues. 相似文献
74.
Jason E. Chung Hannah R. Joo Jiang Lan Fan Daniel F. Liu Alex H. Barnett Supin Chen Charlotte Geaghan-Breiner Mattias P. Karlsson Magnus Karlsson Kye Y. Lee Hexin Liang Jeremy F. Magland Jeanine A. Pebbles Angela C. Tooker Leslie F. Greengard Vanessa M. Tolosa Loren M. Frank 《Neuron》2019,101(1):21-31.e5
75.
rac-Simendan, (±)-(R, S)-[[4-(1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-4-methyl-6-oxo-3-pyridazinyl)-phenyl]hydrazono]propanedinitrile, and the levorotatory enantiomer levosimendan, are drug candidates intended for the treatment of congestive heart failure. An enantiospecific high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method suitable for determination of the ratio of the enantiomer concentrations in blood plasma samples was developed. Direct resolution of the enantiomers was achieved by using a chiral β-cyclodextrin stationary phase in reversed phase mode. With an eluent containing 24–33% of methanol in a 0.5% (v/v) triethylammonium acetate buffer, pH 6.0, and a flow rate of 1 ml/min, a resolution (1.2–1.6) adequate for the determinations was achieved. By using UV detection, the relative concentration of the enantiomers in plasma was assessed down to 10 ng/ml. For the racemate, the results indicated a slightly enantioselective disposition and plasma protein binding in rat, dog, and man. The pure enantiomer, levosimendan, was found not to isomerize in vivo. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
76.
77.
78.
Sanda A Zhu C Johansson M Karlsson A 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》2001,287(5):1163-1166
The efficiency of nucleoside kinase suicide gene therapy for cancer is highly dependent on "bystander" cell killing, i.e., the transfer of cytotoxic phosphorylated nucleoside analogs to cells adjacent to those expressing the suicide enzyme. We have recently studied the possible use of mitochondrial nucleoside kinases as suicide genes. In the present study, we investigated if nucleoside analogs phosphorylated in the mitochondrial matrix cause bystander killing. We used deoxycytidine kinase-deficient Chinese hamster ovary cells reconstituted with deoxycytidine kinase targeted to either the cytosol or mitochondria matrix and determined the bystander cell killing when these cells were incubated with the nucleoside analogs 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine and 2',2'-difluorodeoxycytidine. A bystander effect occurred when nucleoside analogs were phosphorylated in the cytosol, but not when these compounds were phosphorylated in the mitochondria. These findings suggest that nucleoside kinases targeted to the mitochondrial matrix have limited use in suicide gene therapy when efficient bystander cell killing is required. 相似文献
79.
A theoretical model of intracellular devitrification 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Karlsson JO 《Cryobiology》2001,42(3):154-169
Devitrification of the intracellular solution can cause significant damage during warming of cells cryopreserved by freezing or vitrification. Whereas previous theoretical investigations of devitrification have not considered the effect of cell dehydration on intracellular ice formation, a new model which couples membrane-limited water transport equations, classical nucleation theory, and diffusion-limited crystal growth theory is presented. The model was used to explore the role of cell dehydration in devitrification of human keratinocytes frozen in the presence of glycerol. Numerical simulations demonstrated that water transport during cooling affects subsequent intracellular ice formation during warming, correctly predicting observations that critical warming rate increases with increasing cooling rate. However, for cells with a membrane transport activation energy less than approximately 50 kJ/mol, devitrification was also affected by cell dehydration during warming, leading to a reversal of the relationship between cooling rate and critical warming rate. Thus, for low warming rates (less than 10 degrees C/min for keratinocytes), the size and total volume fraction of intracellular ice crystals forming during warming decreased with decreasing warming rate, and the critical warming rate decreased with increasing cooling rate. The effects of water transport on the kinetics of intracellular nucleation and crystal growth were elucidated by comparison of simulations of cell warming with simulations of devitrification in H(2)O-NaCl-glycerol droplets of constant size and composition. These studies showed that the rate of intracellular nucleation was less sensitive to cell dehydration than was the crystal growth rate. The theoretical methods presented may be of use for the design and optimization of freeze-thaw protocols. 相似文献
80.
The complete set of genes encoding major intrinsic proteins in Arabidopsis provides a framework for a new nomenclature for major intrinsic proteins in plants 总被引:27,自引:0,他引:27
Johanson U Karlsson M Johansson I Gustavsson S Sjövall S Fraysse L Weig AR Kjellbom P 《Plant physiology》2001,126(4):1358-1369
Major intrinsic proteins (MIPs) facilitate the passive transport of small polar molecules across membranes. MIPs constitute a very old family of proteins and different forms have been found in all kinds of living organisms, including bacteria, fungi, animals, and plants. In the genomic sequence of Arabidopsis, we have identified 35 different MIP-encoding genes. Based on sequence similarity, these 35 proteins are divided into four different subfamilies: plasma membrane intrinsic proteins, tonoplast intrinsic proteins, NOD26-like intrinsic proteins also called NOD26-like MIPs, and the recently discovered small basic intrinsic proteins. In Arabidopsis, there are 13 plasma membrane intrinsic proteins, 10 tonoplast intrinsic proteins, nine NOD26-like intrinsic proteins, and three small basic intrinsic proteins. The gene structure in general is conserved within each subfamily, although there is a tendency to lose introns. Based on phylogenetic comparisons of maize (Zea mays) and Arabidopsis MIPs (AtMIPs), it is argued that the general intron patterns in the subfamilies were formed before the split of monocotyledons and dicotyledons. Although the gene structure is unique for each subfamily, there is a common pattern in how transmembrane helices are encoded on the exons in three of the subfamilies. The nomenclature for plant MIPs varies widely between different species but also between subfamilies in the same species. Based on the phylogeny of all AtMIPs, a new and more consistent nomenclature is proposed. The complete set of AtMIPs, together with the new nomenclature, will facilitate the isolation, classification, and labeling of plant MIPs from other species. 相似文献