全文获取类型
收费全文 | 5133篇 |
免费 | 464篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 10篇 |
2022年 | 57篇 |
2021年 | 75篇 |
2020年 | 40篇 |
2019年 | 72篇 |
2018年 | 77篇 |
2017年 | 74篇 |
2016年 | 141篇 |
2015年 | 234篇 |
2014年 | 282篇 |
2013年 | 333篇 |
2012年 | 395篇 |
2011年 | 357篇 |
2010年 | 249篇 |
2009年 | 248篇 |
2008年 | 327篇 |
2007年 | 311篇 |
2006年 | 329篇 |
2005年 | 330篇 |
2004年 | 304篇 |
2003年 | 237篇 |
2002年 | 247篇 |
2001年 | 67篇 |
2000年 | 45篇 |
1999年 | 56篇 |
1998年 | 83篇 |
1997年 | 43篇 |
1996年 | 39篇 |
1995年 | 37篇 |
1994年 | 46篇 |
1993年 | 44篇 |
1992年 | 36篇 |
1991年 | 31篇 |
1990年 | 51篇 |
1989年 | 30篇 |
1988年 | 28篇 |
1987年 | 17篇 |
1986年 | 18篇 |
1985年 | 26篇 |
1984年 | 21篇 |
1983年 | 15篇 |
1982年 | 14篇 |
1981年 | 15篇 |
1980年 | 13篇 |
1979年 | 10篇 |
1978年 | 12篇 |
1976年 | 14篇 |
1974年 | 6篇 |
1973年 | 7篇 |
1971年 | 7篇 |
排序方式: 共有5597条查询结果,搜索用时 218 毫秒
31.
Cytogenetic and molecular characterization of a newly established neuroblastoma cell line LS 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Günter Rudolph Karin Schilbach-Stückle Rupert Handgretinger Peter Kaiser Horst Hameister 《Human genetics》1991,86(6):562-566
Summary A new human neuroblastoma cell line (LS) that originated from an abdominal tumor of a 16-month-old girl is presented; it was classified, according to Evans, as being stage III. Morphological (dense-core particles) and biochemical characteristics (dopamine--hydroxylase, acetylcholinesterase, neuron-specific-enolase) confirmed the diagnosis. In addition to a slightly variable modal chromosome number of 48 or 49 (because of marker-chromosomes and autosomal trisomies), cytogenetic analysis revealed two constantly appearing chromosomes with homogeneously stained regions (HSR's). The karyo-type remained constant over 50 passages in vitro [49,XX, –12,+der5, + 17,+mar1,+mar2]. Double minutes were a rare phenomenon and appeared only in a few metaphases. In situ hybridization showed that some of the HSR's consisted of amplified N-myc copies. The distribution of the N-myc copies according to in situ hybridization signals along the HSR's was compared with the data of Southern and Northern blotting analyses. 相似文献
32.
Regulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblasts within a three-dimensional collagen gel 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Cornelia Mauch Atsushi Hatamochi Karin Scharffetter Thomas Krieg 《Experimental cell research》1988,178(2):493-503
Fibroblasts cultivated within a three-dimensional collagen gel display an elongated, spindle-like morphology, reduce their proliferation rate, contact the gel to a very dense tissue, and modify their metabolic activity as compared to monolayer cultures. Collagen synthesis measured as protein-bound hydroxyproline is reduced to 5% of the values found in monolayer culture. The reduction involving type I and type III collagen is due to decreased de novo synthesis and not to enhanced degradation. Dot blot hybridization, Northern blot analysis, and in situ hybridization using collagen I- and III-specific cDNA probes demonstrate that reduced biosynthesis rates are reflected by a marked reduction of pro alpha 1 (I), pro alpha 2 (I), and pro alpha 1 (III) collagen mRNA indicating pretranslational regulation. A similar reduction was observed for actin mRNA whereas levels of tubulin mRNA were similar for fibroblasts in monolayer culture or cultivated within the three-dimensional collagen gels. The data suggest a specific reprogramming of various cellular activities in response to contact with the reconstituted extracellular matrix. 相似文献
33.
Using different independent procedures for assaying soluble auxin-binding in etiolated pea epicotyls, wo could prove the reliability
of the (XH4)2SO4-pelleting assay both for crude cytosols as well as for specific protein fractions obtained after chromatofocusing. Three
distinct genotypes (two parent lines, one tall recombinant) investigated so far exhibit characteristic differences with respect
to soluble auxin-binding kinetics in their cytosols. 相似文献
34.
ESCHERICHIA COLI Rho Factor Is Involved in Lysis of Bacteriophage T4-Infected Cells 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Genetics》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
A Rid (Rho interaction deficient) phenotype of bacteriophage T4 mutants was defined by cold-sensitive restriction (lack of plaque formation) on rho+ hosts carrying additional polar mutations in unrelated genes, coupled to suppression (plaque formation) in otherwise isogenic strains carrying either a polarity-suppressing rho or a multicopy plasmid expressing the rho+ allele. This suggests that the restriction may be due to lower levels of Rho than what is available to T4 in the suppressing strains.--Rid394 X 4 was isolated upon hydroxylamine mutagenesis and mapped in the t gene; other t mutants (and mot, as well as dda dexA double mutants) also showed a Rid phenotype. In liquid culture in strains that restricted plaque formation Rid394 X 4 showed strong lysis inhibition (a known t- phenotype) but no prolonged phage production (another well-known t- phenotype). This implies that when Rho is limiting the t mutant shuts off phage production at the normal time. Lysis inhibition was partially relieved, and phage production prolonged to varying extents depending on growth conditions in strains that allowed plaque formation. No significant effect on early gene expression were found. Apparently, both mutant (polarity-suppressing) and wild-type Rho can function in prolonging phage production and partially relieving lysis inhibition of Rid394 X 4 when present at a sufficiently high level, and Rho may play other role(s) in T4 development than in early gene regulation. 相似文献
35.
36.
Organization of the ribosomal ribonucleic acid genes in various wild-type strains and wild-collected strains of Neurospora 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Peter J. Russell Sheryl Wagner Karin D. Rodland Rhonda L. Feinbaum Jennifer P. Russell Marion S. Bret-Harte Stephen J. Free Robert L. Metzenberg 《Molecular & general genetics : MGG》1984,196(2):275-282
Summary The organization of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) repcat unit in the standard wild-type strain of Neurospora crassa, 74-OR23-1A, and in 30 other wild-type strains and wild-collected strains of N. crassa, N. tetrasperma, N. sitophila, N. intermedia, and N. discreta isolated from nature, was investigated by restriction enzyme digestion of genomic DNA, and probing of the Southern-blotted DNA fragments with specific cloned pieces of the rDNA unit from 74-OR23-1A. The size of the rDNA unit in 74-OR23-1A was shown to be 9.20 kilobase pairs (kb) from blotting data, and the average for all strains was 9.11+0.21 kb; standard error=0.038; coefficient of variation (C.V.)=2.34%. These data indicate that the rDNA repeat unit size has been highly conserved among the Neurospora strains investigated. However, while all strains have a conserved HindIII site near the 5 end of the 25 S rDNA coding sequence, a polymorphism in the number and/or position of HindIII sites in the nontranscribed spacer region was found between strains. The 74-OR23-1A strain has two HindIII sites in the spacer, while others have from 0 to at least 3. This restriction site polymorphism is strain-specific and not species-specific. It was confirmed for some strains by restriction analysis of clones containing most of the rDNA repeat unit. The current restriction map of the 74-OR23-1A rDNA repeat unit is presented. 相似文献
37.
Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to study the synthesis and turnover of F-pilin in membrane preparations of Escherichia coli K-12 under conditions which have been reported to affect the production of F-pili. Incorporation of [35S]methionine into membrane F-pilin by cells in log phase was barely detectable at 25°C, but increased with temperature. The labeled pilin band was prominent in membranes from 37°C cultures and even more prominent if the growth temperature was raised to 42°C. The appearance of other tra products in the membranes was similarly temperature dependent. In cultures grown in glucose minimal medium at 37°C, the relative amount of membrane pilin and traT product synthesis remained unchanged from early log phase through early stationary phase; provision of glycerol or arabinose as a substitute carbon source had no obvious effect. Turnover of traT product and membrane F-pilin, as assessed in an Flac tra mutant strain which is incapable of elaborating pili, was not rapid. Both traT product and pilin subunits labeled in mid-log phase cells were still apparent in the membranes after growth of the cells to stationary phase. The relative amount of labeled pilin decreased with prolonged incubation in stationary phase, but the relative amount of traT product did not decrease even after the culture was incubated for 24 h. When wild-type Flac piliated cells were used, a similar result was obtained, but in this case, loss of F-pilin from the preparations could be acclerated by blending the cells. Although intermittent blending during culture growth caused a slow depletion of the labeled pilin pool, continuous blending resulted in the rapid disappearance of this pool from our preparations. Loss of other membrane polypeptides was not accelerated by our blending procedure, and blending did not affect the turnover of the pilin pool of the Flac tra mutant. Our data are consistent with a model in which pilin subunits are assembled transiently into pili, conserved by retraction, and made available for subsequent reassembly. Growth in 0.01% sodium dodecyl sulfate did not accelerate loss of pilin from the Flac strain compared with the Flac tra strain, and we suggest that in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate at this concentration, F-pili are not elaborated from cell surfaces. 相似文献
38.
DNA-dependent in vitro synthesis of enzymes of the galactose operon of Escherichia coli 总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19
Summary Two active enzymes of the galactose operon of Escherichia coli, uridyl transferase and galactokinase have been synthesized with high yields in a DNA dependent system for protein synthesis. The unspecific blank values amount to less than two percent of the rate obtained under optimal conditions and permit the accurate determination of even a small fraction of the maximum synthesis rate. Therefore this system provides a sensitive assay for the biological activity of DNA that contains the intact galactose operon of Escherichia coli.The synthesis of these galactose enzymes is to a high extent dependent on the presence of cyclic adenosine-3:5-monophosphate.D-fucose, known as an inducer of the galactose operon in vivo, stimulates the synthesis of galactokinase, indicating that the repressor of the galactose operon in active under these conditions. This stimulation is not observed, if the bacterial extract is prepared from a strain defective for the galactose repressor or if the DNA carries an operator constitutive mutation in the galactose operon. Therefore the stimulation by D-fucose is true derepression. 相似文献
39.
Summary The composition of the carotenoids in 18 strains of photosynthetic green sulfur bacteria has been investigated.Chlorobactene predominates in all strains; this pigment seems to be characteristic for all photosynthetic green sulfur bacteria. This main carotenoid is accompanied by various amounts of precursors and the hydroxy compounds of all appearing pigments. 相似文献
40.
Karin Gorgas 《Cell and tissue research》1968,87(3):377-388
Zusammenfassung Im Nebennierenmark von adulten Wildmeerschweinchen (Cavia aperea tschudii) und Hausmeerschweinchen (Cavia aperea f. porcellus) werden bisher unbekannte intrazelluläre Fibrillenstrukturen nachgewiesen. Licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Befunde zeigen, daß in bestimmten Markzellen Filamentbündel in Gruppen auftreten, die durch das Perikaryon bis zur Zellperipherie zu verfolgen sind. Sie fasern in der Nähe des Plasmalemms auf und bilden desmosomenähnliche Kontaktflächen. Die Einzelfilamente sind ca. 70–100 Å dick. Beim Chinchilla konnten im Mark keine Filamentstränge festgestellt werden, beim Haus- und Wildmeerschweinchen kommen sie in unterschiedlicher Häufigkeit vor.
Die Untersuchung wurde mit dankenswerter Hilfe der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft durchgeführt. 相似文献
Intracellular fibrils in the adrenal medulla of domesticated and wild guinea pigs (Cavia aperea f. porcellus L. and Cavia aperea tschudii fitzinger)
Summary By light and electron microscopic observations intracellular fibrils were found in the adrenal medulla of adult wild (Cavia aperea tschudii) and domesticated guinea pigs (Cavia aperea f. porcellus). In certain cells of the adrenal medulla bundles of filaments can be traced from the perinuclear region into the periphery of the cells. Near the plasma membrane they split apart and attach to the desmosome-like regions. The individual filaments are about 70–100 Å in diameter. In adrenal medullary cells of chinchilla no fibrillar strands were observed, in wild and domesticated guinea pigs they occur in different numbers.
Die Untersuchung wurde mit dankenswerter Hilfe der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft durchgeführt. 相似文献