Neuronal Autophagy Regulates Presynaptic Neurotransmission by Controlling the Axonal Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Interaction of fishes with pathogenic micro-organisms and application of phages for their control: a review

The present condition of aquacultural industry is influenced by the economical losses due to various aquacultural diseases causing fish mortality. The present review provides benchmark information related to application of bacteriophages in aquacultural industries over available traditional treatment procedures like antibiotics and chemotherapy. The traditional methods are mostly less advantageous due to development of resistance, non-specific targeting of bacteria including intestinal microflora, etc. In short here we discuss the interaction between fish, bacteria and their phages in order to have an alternate treatment method for the pathogens responsible for aquacultural diseases.     

Interaction of phospholipids (Lysophosphatidylethanolamines) with water and sodium cation

We have performed detailed ab initio SCF calculations on the intermolecular interaction energies for one Na⁺ ion and one water molecule with two molecular fragments, one exemplifying a phospholipid (PL) head (PLHD) and the other, a phospholipid tail (PLTL). A 6-12-1 atom-atom pair potential for the interaction of a Na⁺ ion and water with a lysophosphatidyl-ethanolamine (LPEA) was derived from these results by a fitting procedure. This fitted potential was used to obtain isoenergy maps that provide energy profiles of the Na⁺ ion and the water around the phospholipids. The interaction of the Na⁺ ion with PL, as well as the interaction of water with the PL, can be visualized from these maps, which, as expected, show regions of hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity for the water and indicate a very strong binding site for the Na⁺ ion on the phosphate. It appears to be a stationary site that would limit the Na⁺ ion mobility. This binding site is located near the double-bonded oxygen atom of the phosphate group; its binding energy for Na⁺ is 67 kcal/mol. On the other hand the NH⁺ group of PLHD ahows strong electrostatic repulsion of Na⁺ while interacting with water with a binding energy of 13 kcal/mol. This potential energy well region for water is separated from another of similar depth near the phosphate by a barrier and both regions are expected to act as binding sites for water.     

Application of simple fed-batch technique to high-level secretory production of insulin precursor using <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pichia pastoris</Emphasis> with subsequent purification and conversion to human insulin

Background  

The prevalence of diabetes is predicted to rise significantly in the coming decades. A recent analysis projects that by the year 2030 there will be ~366 million diabetics around the world, leading to an increased demand for inexpensive insulin to make this life-saving drug also affordable for resource poor countries.