微小型生物反应器及其在生物医药领域的应用展望

微小型生物反应器体积微小但在线分析检测和过程控制功能媲美台式装备。其核心支撑技术包括一次性材料及微加工技术、非接触式光学传感器、自动化以及实验设计(DOE)、数据分析软件与过程控制的整合。由于体积微小、湍流程度和单位能耗较低,微小型反应器内的混合、传质、剪切特性与工业规模设备有一定的区别。现阶段微小型生物反应器主要用于菌株和细胞系筛选和工艺优化,在实现高通量工艺的同时确保了数据的丰度,对缩短研发周期和加速产品上市,尤其是在应对突发性传染性疾病方面有着重要的意义。未来,精准医疗概念的落实也依赖功能柔性化的微小型生物反应器系统。     

基于数字土壤制图技术的土壤有机碳储量估算

精准的土壤属性空间分布信息有助于提升土壤有机碳储量估算的精度.本研究以河南省济源市南山林场为研究区,以地形因子为预测因子,利用模糊C均值(FCM)聚类方法对土壤有机碳含量、土壤容重、土壤厚度和土壤砾石含量进行数字土壤预测制图,基于数字制图结果实现土壤有机碳密度预测制图和土壤有机碳储量估算.结果表明:基于数字土壤制图方法...     

嗅觉受体在非嗅觉组织和细胞中的作用及其机制

嗅觉受体(olfactory receptor)不仅表达在鼻腔中,还广泛表达在全身其他部位,起着重要的生理作用.本文综述了非嗅觉组织和细胞中表达的嗅觉受体及其功能,这些嗅觉受体通过调控细胞周围的内源性化学物质,维持正常的生理功能,并且能在选定的外源性配体刺激下,表现出特定的功能.在医药领域,大约有40%上市药物的作用靶点都来自于G蛋白偶联受体(GPCR)家族,而嗅觉受体是GPCR中最大的基因家族,鉴于其表现出的重要作用,我们推测这些嗅觉受体可能成为未来重要的药物靶标.本文对非嗅觉组织和细胞中嗅觉受体功能的综述,一方面有利于将其作为潜在药物靶点,开发新的药物,另一方面也为中药中挥发性单体的药理作用提供了新的研究思路.     

中国野生动物调查存在的问题与改进建议

一百余年前,人类就开始了相对系统的野生动物调查。目前已经建立了成熟的方法体系,并制定了相应的调查规范。最近几十年来,我国科研人员进行了大量的野生动物调查。但是,当前我国的野外调查规范还不够细致,调查者在调查时缺乏必要的约束,导致调查数据不规范、不可靠,很多重要信息缺失。突出问题有：样线信息不全,只有起点和终点的经纬度,没有自动记录的详细样线信息（如每秒记录一次的连续点位信息,含经纬度和时间）;动物位点信息缺乏可信度指标（如距观测者的距离）;调查时间不合理;调查地点的空间取样不均衡;记录的标准化不够（如每个观测点的观测时长不确定）等等。对此,我们参考国际通用的调查规范,提出了一些简单易行的调查要点,以便提高野外调查数据的质量。另外,我们提倡野外记录的无纸化,充分利用现有的手机应用软件（APP）和模型工具提高野外记录以及后期数据处理的效率。最后,我们提议建立固定的中国生物多样性监测样线体系,以便消除每年调查时空间取样的不确定性,更好地量化野生动物的时间动态,为野生动物的保护和管理提供依据。     

不同土壤培肥措施对华北高产农田原生动物丰度的影响

为了解华北高产农田生态系统中秸秆还田、有机肥和化肥投入水平等土壤培肥措施对原生动物群落丰度的影响,1999年10月~2000年9月在山东桓台冬小麦套种夏玉米的田间试验中进行了取样分析。田间处理1~处理9,依序为:全还,麦还,全还 化肥1,麦还 化肥1,全还 化肥2,麦还 化肥2,全还 化肥3,麦还 化肥3和全还 化肥1 有机肥处理。应用3级10倍环式稀释培养法对土壤中鞭毛虫、纤毛虫、肉足虫3类群原生动物的丰度进行了测定。结果显示:该研究地块肥力状况良好;土壤鞭毛虫和肉足虫占有绝大比例,分别为总丰度的39.47%和59.22%,纤毛虫仅占1.31%;土壤原生动物丰度在不同培肥处理中表现出相似的季节性动态变化特征;比较不同土壤培肥措施条件下的原生动物丰度水平为:全还>麦还,全还 化肥1 有机肥>麦还 化肥1,麦还 化肥2,麦还 化肥3>全还 化肥1,全还 化肥2,全还 化肥3;化肥对原生动物丰度表现出明显的抑制作用,而有机肥对原生动力丰度表现出明显的促进作用。化肥的施用量水平对土壤原生动物丰度的影响无显著性差异,作物秸秆采取何种还田方式对土壤原生动物丰度的影响也是不显著的,如麦还 化肥培肥地块的原生动物丰度仅略高于全还 化肥。     

Infection and distribution of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus in citrus plants and psyllid vectors at the cellular level

Huanglongbing (HLB) is currently considered the most destructive disease of citrus worldwide. In the major citrus-growing areas in Asia and the US, the major causal agent of HLB is the bacterial pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas). CLas is vectored by the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, in a persistent propagative manner. CLas cannot be cultured in vitro because of its unclear growth factors, leading to uncertainty in the infection mechanism of CLas at the cellular level in citrus and in D. citri. To characterize the detailed infection of CLas in the host and vector, the incidence of HLB was first investigated in citrus-growing fields in Fujian Province, China. It was found that the positive association of the level of CLas infection in the leaves correlated with the symptoms. Then antibodies against peptides of the outer membrane protein (OMP) of CLas were prepared and tested. The antibodies OMP-225, OMP-333 and OMP724 showed specificity to citrus plants in western blot analyses, whereas the antibodies OMP-47 and OMP-225 displayed specificity to the D. citri vector. The application of OMP-225 in the immunofluorescence assay indicated that CLas was located in and distributed throughout the phloem sieve cells of the leaf midribs and axile placenta of the fruit. CLas also infected the epithelial cells and visceral muscles of the alimentary canal of D. citri. The application of OMP-333 in immunoelectron microscopy indicated the round or oval CLas in the sieve cells of leaf midribs and axile placenta of fruit as well as in the epithelial cells and reticular tissue of D. citri alimentary canal. These results provide a reliable means for HLB detection, and enlighten a strategy via neutralizing OMP to control HLB. These findings also provide insight for the further investigation on CLas infection and pathogenesis, as well as CLas–vector interaction.     

Determination of cefazedone in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry: Application to a pharmacokinetic study on Chinese volunteers

A rapid, sensitive and simple high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS) method was developed for determination of cefazedone in human plasma using metronidazole as internal standard (IS). The chromatographic separation was achieved on an Ultimate XB-CN column (2.1 mm × 150 mm, 5 μm) with an isocratic mobile phase of acetonitrile and 20 mM ammonium acetate in 0.1% formic acid in water (15:85, v/v). Detection was performed using electrospray ionization in positive ion multiple reaction-monitoring mode (SRM), monitoring the transitions m/z 548.2 → 344.1 for cefazedone and m/z 172.2 → 128.1 for IS. Calibration curves were linear over a wide range of 0.20–401.12 μg/mL for cefazedone in plasma. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 0.20 μg/mL. The intra- and inter-day precisions were less than 7.2%. The average recovery of cefazedone was 90.8–91.0%. The validated method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of cefazedone in Chinese healthy volunteers following intravenous (IV) administration of 500, 1000 and 2000 mg cefazedone injection.     

非洲爪蟾短型肽聚糖识别蛋白基因的克隆与鉴定

采用生物信息学方法首次对非洲爪蟾短型肽聚糖识别蛋白(xePGRP-S)基因进行了克隆,并对其在胚胎发育和成年爪蟾各组织中的表达状况进行了分析。xePGRP-ScDNA全长720bp,开放阅读框为549bp,编码182个氨基酸。序列比对显示xePGRP-S与其他物种PGRP-S的序列相似性在42.4%-50.5%之间。RT-PCR显示在非洲爪蟾胚胎发育至3d时可以明显检测到xePGRP-S的表达,之后呈持续性表达,且在所检测的心、肝、脾、肺、肾、肠和胃这7种组织器官中呈组成型表达。