A clonal derivative of mammary epithelial cell line COMMA-D retains stem cell characteristics of unique morphological and functional heterogeneity

The COMMA-D cell line derived from mammary epithelial cells of midpregnant mice was shown previously to be heterogeneous as determined by phase-contrast microscopy, immunocytochemical staining, DNA content, and oncogenic potential (K.D. Danielson et al. (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 3756; D. Medina et al. (1986) J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 76, 1143). Clonal subpopulations of COMMA-D cells have now been isolated by both transfection and selection using a dominant-selectable gene transfer vector and by limiting dilution. Despite their clonal origin, these subpopulations in many cases retained the heterogeneity of the parental COMMA-D line. Of 18 clonal lines assayed, only 5 were able to express beta-casein mRNA. Pooled populations of G418-resistant cells expressed substantially higher levels of beta-casein mRNA than the clonal lines. One of the expressing clonal lines, BNW-7, was characterized further, using immunocytochemical techniques. Approximately 10% of BNW-7 cells expressed casein under the appropriate hormonal and cell-substratum conditions by indirect immunofluorescent staining. Casein immunoperoxidase staining of BNW-7 cells on floating collagen gels revealed that casein-producing cells were localized in small alveolar structures, which were formed in a non-hormone-dependent fashion. The cells in these alveolar structures were cuboidal with basally located nuclei, expressed keratin intermediate filament proteins preferentially, and comprised approximately 18% of the total cells. Cells elsewhere on the surface of the gel displayed a flattened morphology, and expressed vimentin intermediate filament proteins preferentially. A proportion of COMMA-D cells, therefore, appeared to have some of the characteristics of mammary stem cells, and retained the ability to differentiate and form phenotypically heterogeneous cell populations in vitro.     

Cell-mediated responses and protection elicited by a carbohydrate-lipid-containing fraction extracted from Leishmania major promastigotes

Carbohydrate-lipid-containing fractions (CLF) extracted from Leishmania major promastigotes and recognized by sera from immune but not from normal human donors were evaluated for their capacity to elicit cell-mediated responses. It was found that one of these fractions, CLF-1, stimulated the in vitro response of lymphocytes from immune but not from normal human donors. A similarly extracted fraction from L. donovani parasites also elicited an in vitro response by cells from donors immune to L. major. The response was mediated by antigen-presenting cells, and specific Leu 3+ Leu 2- T cells from a human T-cell line responded to the antigen. In vivo, the CLF-1 elicited delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response in L. major-immunized C3H mice, which was comparable to the DTH response elicited by freeze-thawed and sonicated L. major promastigotes. C3H mice were vaccinated with CLF-1 prior to challenge with live L. major promastigotes. Mice vaccinated with CLF-1-containing liposomes showed a significant degree of protection to challenge. These results suggest that the carbohydrate-lipid-containing fraction described here may represent a functional antigenic entity from Leishmania parasites.     

Construction of recombinant murine retroviruses that express the human T-cell leukemia virus type II and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III trans activator genes.

Recombinant retroviruses containing the trans activator genes of human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) type II and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III were constructed. The trans activator genes tat II and tat III were inserted into the murine retroviral vector pZIPNEOSV(X)1. Recombinant plasmids were transfected into the psi 2 and psi AM packaging cell lines that produce murine leukemia virions containing no retroviral RNA. Functional tat II and tat III gene products were expressed as demonstrated by trans activation of HTLV type I and II and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III long terminal repeat-directed gene expression in the respective infected cells. Use of these recombinant vectors permits high-efficiency gene transfer into a wide variety of cells, thereby providing the opportunity to study the biochemical effects associated with tat II and tat III gene expression.     

Identification of a protein encoded by the trans activator gene tatIII of human T-cell lymphotropic retrovirus type III.

The human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III/LAV) is a retrovirus associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. The region on the viral genome that is necessary for trans-activation of the HTLV-III/LAV long terminal repeat called tatIII has previously been determined to lie between nucleotides 5365 and 5607. Here we report that a bacterial fusion protein containing amino acid sequences specified by the first coding exon of the tatIII gene is recognized by some patient antisera. We also demonstrate that lymphoid and epithelial cells that express the trans activator function express a 14-kilodalton (kDa) protein recognized by a patient antiserum that reacts with the bacterial tatIII fusion protein. Cells transiently transfected with a deletion mutant of the trans activator protein produce a 12-kDa protein rather than the 14-kDa protein. These observations indicate that the tatIII region contains a functional gene and is capable of expressing a protein that migrates with an apparent molecular size of 14 kDa in some lymphoid and epithelial cells transfected with plasmids containing the tatIII region. We propose that the product of the trans activator gene be designated p14tat-III.     

ATP-driven calcium transport in membrane vesicles of Streptococcus sanguis.

Calcium transport was investigated in membrane vesicles prepared from the oral bacterium Streptococcus sanguis. Procedures were devised for the preparation of membrane vesicles capable of accumulating 45Ca2+. Uptake was ATP dependent and did not require a proton motive force. Calcium transport in these vesicles was compared with 45Ca2+ accumulation in membrane vesicles from Streptococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli. The data support the existence of an ATP-driven calcium pump in S. sanguis similar to that in S. faecalis. This pump, which catalyzes uptake into membrane vesicles, would be responsible for extrusion of calcium from intact cells.     

Reconstitution of ATP-dependent calcium transport from streptococci

Membrane vesicles of three streptococcal strains (Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus lactis, and Streptococcus sanguis) were extracted with octyl-beta-D-glucoside in the presence of Escherichia coli lipid and glycerol. For reconstitution, the detergent extract was mixed with bath-sonicated E. coli lipid, in the presence of octyl-beta-D-glucoside, and proteoliposomes were formed by a 25-fold dilution. ATP-dependent calcium accumulation by proteoliposomes was comparable to that found in parent vesicles. Recovery of this calcium transport activity was dependent on the inclusion of an osmolyte protein stabilant (glycerol, etc.) during solubilization. The properties of ATP-driven calcium transport were studied in the reconstituted system. In proteoliposomes, ATP-linked calcium accumulation was not affected by the protonophore, carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone, or by the ionophores, valinomycin and nigericin, in the presence of potassium, or by N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, an inhibitor of the F0F1-ATPase. On the other hand, calcium transport was completely blocked by micromolar levels of orthovanadate; half-maximal inhibitions were observed at 0.4, 4, and 4 microM vanadate, for S. faecalis, S. lactis, and S. sanguis, respectively. This marked sensitivity to orthovanadate suggests operation of an E1E2-type ion-motive pump. These data demonstrate that, in a reconstituted system, calcium transport is not linked to an ATP-dependent proton circulation via the F0F1-ATPase, but rather is driven by a calcium-translocating ATPase. Thus, calcium extrusion from the cytosol of enteric, lactic acid, or oral streptococci is mediated by an ATP-linked process analogous to the ion-motive ATPases of eukaryotic membranes.     

Increasing the cAMP content of IM-9 cells alters the phosphorylation state and protein kinase activity of the insulin receptor

The effect of 8-bromo-cAMP and forskolin on the phosphorylation state and protein kinase activity of the insulin receptor was evaluated in cultured IM-9 lymphoblasts. 8-Bromo-cAMP (1 mM) or forskolin (10 microM) enhanced the phosphorylation of the insulin receptor purified from 32P-labeled cells by affinity chromatography on wheat germ agglutinin-agarose and immunoprecipitation with monoclonal antibody. In the absence of insulin, phosphorylation of the beta subunit of the receptor was increased approximately 2-fold by raising intracellular cAMP. Phosphoamino acid analysis of the beta subunit following treatment of cells with forskolin revealed an increase in phosphoserine and phosphothreonine residues. In contrast, the insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of the receptor occurred on serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues and was diminished by prior exposure of cells to forskolin. Pulse-chase experiments indicated that forskolin did not enhance the turnover of phosphate on the receptor of cells previously exposed to insulin. Furthermore, extracts from forskolin-treated cells did not differ from control extracts in their capacity to dephosphorylate 32P-labeled receptor isolated from cells treated with insulin. The insulin-dependent tyrosine protein kinase activity of the receptor isolated from forskolin-treated cells was approximately 50% as active as the receptor isolated from either control or insulin-treated cells. This was assessed using both histone and a peptide synthesized in accordance with the deduced amino acid sequence of a potential autophosphorylation site of the human receptor (Thr-Arg-Asp-Ile-Tyr-Glu-Thr-Asp-Tyr-Tyr-Arg-Lys) as substrates for the protein kinase reaction. These results suggest that agents that raise intracellular cAMP increase phosphorylation of the insulin receptor on serine and threonine residues, reduce insulin-mediated receptor phosphorylation on tyrosine, serine, and threonine residues, and inhibit the insulin-dependent tyrosine protein kinase activity of the receptor. Thus cAMP may attenuate insulin action by altering the state of phosphorylation of the insulin receptor.     

Antibodies to the N-terminal portion of cartilage-inducing factor A and transforming growth factor beta. Immunohistochemical localization and association with differentiating cells

Two apparently homologous proteins, designated CIF-A and CIF-B, were previously isolated from bovine bone on the basis of their cartilage-inducing activity in culture. CIF-A has been shown to probably be identical to transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta). To address the question of tissue localization, antibodies to CIF-A were produced using a synthetic polypeptide identical to N-terminal residues 1-30. The antibodies were immunoreactive with bovine CIF-A and human TGF-beta, did not recognize CIF-B, and did not recognize other molecular weight species in crude bovine bone extracts. The antibodies were used to immunohistochemically localize CIF-A/TGF-beta in fetal bovine bone and other tissues. There was abundant staining of osteocytes throughout cancellous and cortical bone as well as chondrocytes within the articular cartilage, although growth plate-associated chondrocytes were not labeled. In addition, immunoreactive cells were detected in bone marrow (megakaryocytes and some mononuclear cells), fetal liver (hematopoietic stems cells), and the thymus (Hassall's corpuscle and some medullary thymocytes). In the kidney, the antibodies labeled a population of epithelial cells lining the calyces. Tissues which did not have detectable amounts of CIF-A/TGF-beta included the thyroid, adrenal, salivary gland, and aorta. Results presented here suggest that the factor may function in vivo as a general development and repair factor and may play a significant role in the differentiation of many cell types including chondrocytes, osteocytes, T-lymphocytes, and red blood cells.     

Cytodiagnosis of in situ and early carcinoma of the upper gastrointestinal tract

Three cases of adenocarcinoma of the stomach, two in situ and one superficially invasive, and one of superficially invasive squamous-cell carcinoma of the esophagus are presented to illustrate the problems encountered in the diagnosis of early lesions of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the contribution that cytodiagnosis can make. The symptomology and roentgenographic findings in these cases were largely nonspecific. While endoscopic biopsies were repeatedly negative in three of the four cases, endoscopic brushing cytology consistently indicated the presence of a malignancy. Surgery was finally performed on the basis of the cytologic findings, confirming the presence of early malignancy. The cytologic findings, with histologic correlations, are presented in an effort to define some specific criteria for the diagnosis of early malignancy of the upper GI tract.