Capillary permeability in the pancreas and colon: restriction of exogenous and endogenous molecules by fenestrated endothelia

The permeability properties of fenestrated capillaries in the colon and exocrine and endocrine pancreas to exogenous and endogenous molecules were examined. The exogenous tracers horseradish peroxidase (Einstein-Stokes radius [ESR], 3.0 nm), hemoglobin (ESR, 3.2 nm), and ferritin (ESR, 6.1 nm) were injected intravenously and allowed to circulate for 5-90 min. Tissues were removed and processed for cytochemical or standard electron microscopic examination. The endogenous plasma proteins albumin (ESR, 3.5 nm) and IgG (ESR, 5.5 nm) were localized by immunocytochemistry using the protein A-gold technique. All vessels examined were permeable to HRP in less than 5 min. In contrast, these vessels were restrictive to the slightly larger hemoglobin molecule (60-min circulation) and to ferritin (90-min circulation). Capillaries in the exocrine and endocrine pancreas were restrictive to albumin and IgG. These results demonstrate the presence of fenestrated capillary beds, in addition to the choriocapillaris, that are restrictive to molecules with ESR greater than or equal to 3.2 nm. Capillaries in the mucosa of the colon were restrictive to hemoglobin and ferritin but did not restrict albumin or IgG. This indicates that these vessels are of the permeable type. However, the rate of transendothelial movement of molecules is slower than that of other permeable vessels, such as in the ileo-jejunum. This study has provided further evidence for the existence of fenestrated endothelia that are restrictive to exogenous and/or endogenous molecules.     

Range of the antigenic specificity of peptidoglycan in Staphylococcus aureus compared to other representatives of the Staphylococcus genus

In investigations based on the use of a highly sensitive test system permitting the detection of normal human antibodies to S. aureus peptidoglycan, the antigenic relationships between the peptidoglycans of S. aureus and other representatives of the genus Staphylococcus have been studied. Among other staphylococcal species, S. simulans, S. xylosus, S. hyicus, S. cohnii, S. hyicus s. s. chromogenes have been found to possess peptidoglycans most closely related to S. aureus peptidoglycans, while S. warneri and S. epidermidis peptidoglycans have proved to be least closely related to it.     

Propagation of Zea mays L. by Shoot Tip Culture: A Feasibility Study

A procedure for the stimulation of axillary bud developmentfrom young shoots of maize, their subculture to root-inducingmedia and transfer as rooted plants to soil is described. Axillarybud development was enhanced by the addition of kinetin andauxin to the culture medium. Root initiation on explanted axillarybuds, while successful with some cultivars, was variable. Anumber of mature plants with normal tassels and ears were producedfrom the lowermost buds of an original stem explant. Buds fromhigher positions on the explant exhibited different potentialitieswith some, those normally from cob producing nodes, producingshort-stalked plants with terminal female influorescences. Agradient of bud potentiality along the stem appears to be establishedextremely early after each is initiated. Zea mays., corn, maize, shoot tip culture, clone, vegetative propagation     

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Cell death delineates axon pathways in the hindlimb and does so independently of neurite outgrowth

We wished to know whether the cell death and phagocytosis seen near the outgrowing nerve front in the hindlimb delineate axon pathways and, if so, whether the cells died only in the presence of growth cones. We unilaterally deleted the lumbosacral neural tube and reconstructed the patterns of neurite outgrowth and phagocytes during the stage when neurites first begin to colonize the thigh. In the control limbs, sensory and motor nerve pathways coincided with sites of phagocytosis, including those pathways that had yet to be colonized by growth cones. For instance, phagocytes were clustered at foci within the muscle masses where muscle nerves form a day later. However, they were not seen in adjacent, nonpathway regions such as posterior sclerotome or dorsal and ventral to the region of the plexus in which axons extend only posteriorly. Phagocytes were also seen in defined regions that are probably inaccessible to growth cones because they are too distant from pathways (i.e., subjacent to the apical ectodermal ridge) or express substances that are typical of precartilagenous tissues which may prohibit axon advance. In the experimental limbs, we conservatively estimated that neurite outgrowth was reduced to less than one-tenth (neurites were visible only with electron microscopy) or less than one-third of normal. Outgrowth extended less far distally and, in half the cases, motor innervation was completely abolished. Despite the extensive reduction in neurite outgrowth, the distribution of phagocytes was indistinguishable from that of the control side. Furthermore, the number of phagocytes did not differ significantly. We conclude that cell death delineates axon pathways remarkably well and does so without an interaction with growth cones; it is an independent characteristic of the axonal pathways and may be directly or indirectly important to axonal pathfinding. This is the first identification of a feature that characterizes prospective nerve pathways in the hindlimb.