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991.
Vision should not be overlooked as an important sensory modality for finding host plants 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Reeves JL 《Environmental entomology》2011,40(4):855-863
In the last 50 yr, the role of vision in insect interactions with host plants has received relatively little attention. This lack of research is associated with a number of assumptions about chemical cues being the ultimate sensory determinants of host finding. This article presents arguments and detailed evidence to refute these assumptions. Insects from essentially all phytophagous orders use vision for locating host plants, and some recent examples have shown that vision can be even more important than olfaction. Moreover, a number of insects have the ability to visually differentiate host species. This ability means that the visual capabilities of phytophagous insects should not be underestimated. Visual cues always should be considered and integrated into studies of host finding. 相似文献
992.
Dunmyre JR 《Journal of biological physics》2011,37(3):307-316
The pre-Bötzinger complex of the mammalian brainstem is a heterogeneous neuronal network, and individual neurons within the network have varying strengths of the persistent sodium and calcium-activated nonspecific cationic currents. Individually, these currents have been the focus of modeling efforts. Previously, Dunmyre et al. (J Comput Neurosci 1–24, 2011) proposed a model and studied the interactions of these currents within one self-coupled neuron. In this work, I consider two identical, reciprocally coupled model neurons and validate the reduction to the self-coupled case. I find that all of the dynamics of the two model neuron network and the regions of parameter space where these distinct dynamics are found are qualitatively preserved in the reduction to the self-coupled case. 相似文献
993.
Frederick?R.?PreteEmail author Justin?L.?Komito Salina?Dominguez Gavin?Svenson LeoLin?Y.?López Alex?Guillen Nicole?Bogdanivich 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》2011,197(9):877-894
We assessed the differences in appetitive responses to visual stimuli by three species of praying mantis (Insecta: Mantodea),
Tenodera aridifolia sinensis, Mantis religiosa, and Cilnia humeralis. Tethered, adult females watched computer generated stimuli (erratically moving disks or linearly moving rectangles) that
varied along predetermined parameters. Three responses were scored: tracking, approaching, and striking. Threshold stimulus
size (diameter) for tracking and striking at disks ranged from 3.5 deg (C. humeralis) to 7.8 deg (M. religiosa), and from 3.3 deg (C. humeralis) to 11.7 deg (M. religiosa), respectively. Unlike the other species which struck at disks as large as 44 deg, T. a. sinensis displayed a preference for 14 deg disks. Disks moving at 143 deg/s were preferred by all species. M. religiosa exhibited the most approaching behavior, and with T. a. sinensis distinguished between rectangular stimuli moving parallel versus perpendicular to their long axes. C. humeralis did not make this distinction. Stimulus sizes that elicited the target behaviors were not related to mantis size. However,
differences in compound eye morphology may be related to species differences: C. humeralis’ eyes are farthest apart, and it has an apparently narrower binocular visual field which may affect retinal inputs to movement-sensitive
visual interneurons. 相似文献
994.
Ian Mayer Justin Meager Jon Egil Skjæraasen Petra Rodewald Gisle Sverdrup Anders Fernö 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》2011,92(2):181-186
Brain and heart development is very plastic in teleost fishes, and receptive to changes in social and environmental conditions.
Domestication in salmonids has been reported to result in pronounced changes in both heart and brain morphology. In particular,
a high prevalence of heart deformities has been reported in farmed salmonids, which has been linked to increased stress responsiveness
that can impair survival of both farmed and escaped fish. Here we report for the first time that significant changes in heart
and brain morphology occur following domestication of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), an emerging aquaculture species. Juvenile farmed cod developed significantly larger hearts and smaller brains, by weight,
compared to their wild conspecifics. These differences occurred within the first captive generation, suggesting that they
were driven largely by the strong contrast in environmental and social conditions experienced within their respective rearing
environments. Changes in brain and heart morphology, as a consequence of domestication could affect the well-being and survival
of Atlantic cod raised under intensive aquaculture conditions. 相似文献
995.
Ajay P. Nayak Françoise M. Blachere Justin M. Hettick Slawomir Lukomski Detlef Schmechel Donald H. Beezhold 《Mycopathologia》2011,171(1):23-34
Fungal hemolysins are potential virulence factors. Some fungal hemolysins belong to the aegerolysin protein family that includes
cytolysins capable of lysing erythrocytes and other cells. Here, we describe a hemolysin from Aspergillus terreus called terrelysin. We used the genome sequence database to identify the terrelysin sequence based on homology with other
known aegerolysins. Aspergillus terreus mRNA was isolated, transcribed to cDNA and the open reading frame for terrelysin amplified by PCR using specific primers.
Using the pASK-IBA6 cloning vector, we produced recombinant terrelysin (rTerrelysin) as a fusion product in Escherichia coli. The recombinant protein was purified and using MALDI-TOF MS determined to have a mass of 16,428 Da. Circular dichroism analysis
suggests the secondary structure of the protein to be predominantly β-sheet. Results from thermal denaturation of rTerrelysin
show that the protein maintained the β-sheet confirmation up to 65°C. Polyclonal antibody to rTerrelysin recognized a protein
of approximately 16.5 kDa in mycelial extracts from A. terreus. 相似文献
996.
Fay JC 《Trends in genetics : TIG》2011,27(9):343-349
The abundance of genome polymorphism and divergence data has provided unprecedented insight into how mutation, drift and natural selection shape genome evolution. Application of the McDonald-Kreitman (MK) test to such data indicates a pervasive influence of positive selection, particularly in Drosophila species. However, evidence for positive selection in other species ranging from yeast to humans is often weak or absent. Although evidence for positive selection could be obscured in some species, there is also reason to believe that the frequency of adaptive substitutions could be overestimated as a result of epistatic fitness effects or hitchhiking of deleterious mutations. Based on these considerations it is argued that the common assumption of independence among sites must be relaxed before abandoning the neutral theory of molecular evolution. 相似文献
997.
Chumanevich AA Causey CP Knuckley BA Jones JE Poudyal D Chumanevich AP Davis T Matesic LE Thompson PR Hofseth LJ 《American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology》2011,300(6):G929-G938
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), mainly Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are dynamic, chronic inflammatory conditions that are associated with an increased colon cancer risk. Inflammatory cell apoptosis is a key mechanism for regulating IBD. Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) catalyze the posttranslational conversion of peptidylarginine to peptidylcitrulline in a calcium-dependent, irreversible reaction and mediate the effects of proinflammatory cytokines. Because PAD levels are elevated in mouse and human colitis, we hypothesized that a novel small-molecule inhibitor of the PADs, i.e., chloramidine (Cl-amidine), could suppress colitis in a dextran sulfate sodium mouse model. Results are consistent with this hypothesis, as demonstrated by the finding that Cl-amidine treatment, both prophylactic and after the onset of disease, reduced the clinical signs and symptoms of colitis, without any indication of toxic side effects. Interestingly, Cl-amidine drives apoptosis of inflammatory cells in vitro and in vivo, providing a mechanism by which Cl-amidine suppresses colitis. In total, these data help validate the PADs as therapeutic targets for the treatment of IBD and further suggest Cl-amidine as a candidate therapy for this disease. 相似文献
998.
CETP (cholesteryl ester-transfer protein) is essential for neutral lipid transfer between HDL (high-density lipoprotein) and LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and plays a critical role in the reverse cholesterol transfer pathway. In clinical trials, CETP inhibitors increase HDL levels and reduce LDL levels, and therefore may be used as a potential treatment for atherosclerosis. In this review, we cover the analysis of CETP structure and provide insights into CETP-mediated lipid transfer based on a collection of structural and biophysical data. 相似文献
999.
1000.