Synthesis and evaluation of azaindole-alpha-alkyloxyphenylpropionic acid analogues as PPARalpha/gamma agonists

A series of azaindole-alpha-alkyloxyphenylpropionic acid analogues was synthesized and evaluated for PPAR agonist activities. Structure-activity relationship was developed for PPARalpha/gamma dual agonism. One of the synthesized compound 7a was identified as a potent, selective PPARalpha/gamma dual agonist.     

木霉菌及其系统分类学研究回顾

从木霉菌(Trichodermaspp.)的分类历史、主要分类系统、分子生物学在木霉菌分类研究中的应用、我国木霉菌分类研究状况等几个方面,对木霉菌的分类研究进展进行了简要回顾。近些年来国际上对木霉菌的分类研究取得了显著进展,陆续发表了许多新种,目前木霉属已报道有3组60种和2个变型。另外,对木霉分类研究中存在的问题也进行了讨论。     

gAd重组质粒的构建及其在大肠杆菌中的表达

为了建立人脂联素球状结构域(gAd)原核高效表达体系,分离纯化gAd并检测其生物活性,从淋巴细胞中提取人基因组DNA,PCR扩增出含有脂联素编码序列的片段,通过T-A克隆的方法克隆入pMD18-T载体中,然后设计适当的引物引入起始密码、终止密码以及相应的酶切位点,把脂联素球状结构域(gAd)基因亚克隆到表达载体pBV220,将序列鉴定正确的重组质粒转化入大肠杆菌DH5α中,用42℃温控诱导目的蛋白的表达;超声破菌,分离纯化包涵体,8mol/L尿素溶解,采用梯度稀释法复性重组蛋白,动物实验测定其活性。结果在大肠杆菌中成功实现了gAd稳定的以包涵体形式的高效表达,表达量约占全菌蛋白的20%,经聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳鉴定分离得到的包涵体具有较高纯度,复性后具有降低家兔血糖和游离脂肪酸的作用。为进一步研究gAd的生物学活性、作用机制奠定了基础。     

N+注入和60Co-γ辐照对柠檬酸发酵菌黑曲霉的诱变效应

首次尝试了应用两种核技术手段(同时)对黑曲霉进行诱变,即将大剂量^60Co-γ辐照的黑曲霉孢于直接进行低能氮离子注入,使处于休眠状态下的黑曲霉抱子同时受至^60Co-γ辐照和N^ 注入的作用。通过溴甲酚绿指示性平板辅助筛选和摇瓶发酵。获得了1株产酸提高18．44％、转化率达1034．5％的M3代菌株CN05,为柠檬酸发酵菌黑曲霉的进一步育种工作提供了诱变参数和高产出发菌株。     

Electron tomography of fast frozen, stretched rigor fibers reveals elastic distortions in the myosin crossbridges

As a first step toward freeze-trapping and 3-D modeling of the very rapid load-induced structural responses of active myosin heads, we explored the conformational range of longer lasting force-dependent changes in rigor crossbridges of insect flight muscle (IFM). Rigor IFM fibers were slam-frozen after ramp stretch (1000 ms) of 1-2% and freeze-substituted. Tomograms were calculated from tilt series of 30 nm longitudinal sections of Araldite-embedded fibers. Modified procedures of alignment and correspondence analysis grouped self-similar crossbridge forms into 16 class averages with 4.5 nm resolution, revealing actin protomers and myosin S2 segments of some crossbridges for the first time in muscle thin sections. Acto-S1 atomic models manually fitted to crossbridge density required a range of lever arm adjustments to match variably distorted rigor crossbridges. Some lever arms were unchanged compared with low tension rigor, while others were bent and displaced M-ward by up to 4.5 nm. The average displacement was 1.6 +/- 1.0 nm. "Map back" images that replaced each unaveraged 39 nm crossbridge motif by its class average showed an ordered mix of distorted and unaltered crossbridges distributed along the 116 nm repeat that reflects differences in rigor myosin head loading even before stretch.     

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide promotes differentiation of mouse neural stem cells into astrocytes

We have found that pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) employed at the physiological concentrations induces the differentiation of mouse neural stem cells into astrocytes. The differentiation process was not affected by cAMP analogues such as dibutylic cAMP (db-cAMP) or 8Br-cAMP or by the specific competitive inhibitor of protein kinase A, Rp-adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphothioate triethylamine salt (Rp-cAMP). Expression of the PACAP receptor (PAC1) in neural stem cells was detected by both RT-PCR and immunoblot using an affinity-purified antibody. The PACAP selective antagonist, PACAP(6-38), had an inhibitory effect on the PACAP-induced differentiation of neural stem cells into astrocytes. These results indicate that PACAP acts on the PAC1 receptor on the plasma membrane of mouse neural stem cells, with the signal then transmitted intracellularly via a PAC1-coupled G protein, does not involve Gs. This signaling mechanism may thus play a crucial role in the differentiation of neural stem cells into astrocytes.     

Purification and characterization of a vaterite-inducing peptide, pelovaterin, from the eggshells of Pelodiscus sinensis (Chinese soft-shelled turtle)

Proteins play a crucial role in the biomineralization of hard tissues such as eggshells. We report here the purification, characterization, and in vitro mineralization studies of a peptide, pelovaterin, extracted from eggshells of a soft-shelled turtle. It is a glycine-rich peptide with 42 amino acid residues and three disulfide bonds. When tested in vitro, the peptide induced the formation of a metastable vaterite phase. The floret-shaped morphology formed at a lower concentration ( approximately 1 microM) was transformed into spherical particles at higher concentrations (>500 microM). The solution properties of the peptide are investigated by circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence emission spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering (DLS) experiments. The conformation of pelovaterin changed from an unordered state at a low concentration to a beta-sheet structure at high concentrations. Fluorescence emission studies indicated that the quantum yield is significantly decreased at higher concentrations, accompanied by a blue shift in the emission maximum. At higher concentrations a red-edge excitation shift was observed, indicating the restricted mobility of the peptide. On the basis of these observations, we discuss the presence of a peptide concentration-dependent monomer-multimer equilibrium in solution and its role in controlling the nucleation, growth, and morphology of CaCO(3) crystals. This is the first peptide known to induce the nucleation and stabilization of the vaterite phase in solution.     

遗传密码的新排列和起源探讨

根据DNA核苷酸组分的动态变化规律将遗传密码的传统排列按密码子对GC和嘌呤含量的敏感性进行了重排.新密码表可划分为2个半区（或1/2区）和4个四分区（或1/4区）.就原核生物基因组而言,当GC含量增加时,物种蛋白质组所含的氨基酸倾向于使用GC富集区和嘌呤不敏感半区所编码的氨基酸,它们均使用四重简并密码,对DNA序列的突变具有相对鲁棒性（Robustness）.当GC含量降低时,大多数密码子处于AU富集区和嘌呤敏感半区,这个区域编码的氨基酸具有物理化学性质的多样性.因为当密码子第三位核苷酸（CP3）在嘌呤和嘧啶之间发生转换时,密码子所编码的氨基酸也倾向于发生变化.关于遗传密码的进化存在多种假说,包括凝固事件假说、共进化假说和立体化学假说等,每种假说均试图解释遗传密码所表现出来的某些化学和生物学规律.基于遗传密码的物理化学性质、基因组变异的规律和相关的生物学假说,本研究提出了遗传密码分步进化假说（The Stepwise Evolution Hypothesis for the Genetic Code）.在人们推断的最原始的RNA世界里,原初（Primordial）遗传密码从只能识别嘌呤和嘧啶开始,编码一个或两个简单而功能明确的氨基酸.由于胞嘧啶C的化学不稳定性,最初形成的遗传密码应该仅仅由腺嘌呤A和尿嘧啶U来编码,却可得到一组7个多元化的氨基酸.随着生命复杂性的增加,鸟嘌呤G从主载操作信号的功能中释放出来,再伴随着C的引入,使遗传密码逐步扩展到12,15和20个氨基酸,最终完成全部进化步骤.遗传密码的进化过程同时也伴随以蛋白质为主体的分子机制和细胞过程的进化,包括氨酰tRNA合成酶（AARS）从初始翻译机器上的脱离、DNA作为信息载体而取代RNA以及AARS和tRNA共进化等基本过程.分子机制和细胞过程是生命的基本组成元件,它们不但自己不断地趋于完善,也促使生命体走?     

长期培肥黑土微生物量磷动态变化及影响因素

长期采用两种不同量有机肥(M2、M4)、化肥(NPK)方式培肥黑土,研究微生物量P在作物生长季动态变化．结果表明。施用有机肥微生物量P显著高于施用化肥(NPK)和不施肥(CK),微生物量P分别为M48．75～47．68mg·kg^-1,M2 3．02～37．16mg·kg^-1,NPK1．59～10．62mg·kg^-1,CK0．76～6．74mg·kg^-1之间,波动性较大．M4、M2处理微生物量P最大值出现在抽雄吐丝期,NPK、CK处理最大值出现在大喇叭口期;施肥数量和种类不同所引起的黑土微生物量P的差异并未因季节变化及玉米生育时期影响而明显改变．微生物量P的动态变化与绝大多数黑土生物、理化特性指标的动态变化没有显著的相关性;微生物量P与黑土生物、理化特性(除全钾外),植物氮、磷、钾含量有极显著的正相关关系,与黑土含水量呈显著正相关关系．