Four QTLs for adult-plant resistance to powdery mildew were mapped in the Zhou8425B/Chinese Spring population, and a new QTL on chromosome 3B was validated in 103 wheat cultivars derived from Zhou8425B.
Abstract
Zhou8425B is an elite wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) line widely used as a parent in Chinese wheat breeding programs. Identification of genes for adult-plant resistance (APR) to powdery mildew in Zhou8425B is of high importance for continued controlling the disease. In the current study, the high-density Illumina iSelect 90K single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array was used to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) for APR to powdery mildew in 244 recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross Zhou8425B/Chinese Spring. Inclusive composite interval mapping identified QTL on chromosomes 1B, 3B, 4B, and 7D, designated as QPm.caas-1BL.1, QPm.caas-3BS, QPm.caas-4BL.2, and QPm.caas-7DS, respectively. Resistance alleles at the QPm.caas-1BL.1, QPm.caas-3BS, and QPm.caas-4BL.2 loci were contributed by Zhou8425B, whereas that at QPm.caas-7DS was from Chinese Spring. QPm.caas-3BS, likely to be a new APR gene for powdery mildew resistance, was detected in all four environments. One SNP marker closely linked to QPm.caas-3BS was transferred into a semi-thermal asymmetric reverse PCR (STARP) marker and tested on 103 commercial wheat cultivars derived from Zhou8425B. Cultivars with the resistance allele at the QPm.caas-3BS locus had averaged maximum disease severity reduced by 5.3%. This STARP marker can be used for marker-assisted selection in improvement of the level of powdery mildew resistance in wheat breeding.
正Dear Editor,Myristoylation is a naturally occurring post-translational modification for targeting cytoplasmic proteins to intracellular membranes.Unlike enveloped animal viruses,which enter host cells by membrane fusion,nonenveloped animal viruses must disrupt the cell membrane to initiate infection.Some animal viruses and several nonenveloped viruses such 相似文献
Bixa orellana L., popularly known as annatto, produces several secondary metabolites of pharmaceutical and industrial interest, including bixin, whose molecular basis of biosynthesis remain to be determined. Gene expression analysis by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) is an important tool to advance such knowledge. However, correct interpretation of qPCR data requires the use of suitable reference genes in order to reduce experimental variations. In the present study, we have selected four different candidates for reference genes in B. orellana, coding for 40S ribosomal protein S9 (RPS9), histone H4 (H4), 60S ribosomal protein L38 (RPL38) and 18S ribosomal RNA (18SrRNA). Their expression stabilities in different tissues (e.g. flower buds, flowers, leaves and seeds at different developmental stages) were analyzed using five statistical tools (NormFinder, geNorm, BestKeeper, ΔCt method and RefFinder). The results indicated that RPL38 is the most stable gene in different tissues and stages of seed development and 18SrRNA is the most unstable among the analyzed genes. In order to validate the candidate reference genes, we have analyzed the relative expression of a target gene coding for carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 1 (CCD1) using the stable RPL38 and the least stable gene, 18SrRNA, for normalization of the qPCR data. The results demonstrated significant differences in the interpretation of the CCD1 gene expression data, depending on the reference gene used, reinforcing the importance of the correct selection of reference genes for normalization. 相似文献
Houpoëa officinalis is a traditional Chinese medical plant, which has significantly declined in the past decades because of human influence and habitat fragmentation. Twelve expressed sequence tag SSR (EST-SSR) markers developed from the EST sequence of H. officinalis were used to analyse the genetic diversity and structure of fourteen natural populations. The results indicated that moderate genetic diversity and high genetic differentiation existed in this plant (Ho = 0.600, Fst = 0.327). STRUCTURE and UPGMA analyses showed that H. officinalis populations could be divided into 3 different groups, and the west group had higher genetic diversity than the central and east groups. The historical migration rates among the groups were low and unsymmetrical, and there was no significant correlation between Nei’s genetic distance and geographic distance. According to the genetic consequences, conservation strategies (in situ or ex situ, artificial pollination) should be carried out in all populations to preserve genetic diversity. 相似文献
Ubiquitous CCCH nucleic acid-binding motif is found in a wide-variety of organisms. CCCH genes are involved in plant developmental processes and biotic and abiotic stress responses. Brassica rapa is a vital economic crop and classical model plant of polyploidy evolution, but the functions of CCCH genes in B. rapa are unclear.
Results
In this study, 103 CCCH genes in B. rapa were identified. A comparative analysis of the chromosomal position, gene structure, domain organization and duplication event between B. rapa and Arabidopsis thaliana were performed. Results showed that CCCH genes could be divided into 18 subfamilies, and segmental duplication might mainly contribute to this family expansion. C-X7/8-C-X5-C3-H was the most commonly found motif, but some novel CCCH motifs were also found, along with some loses of typical CCCH motifs widespread in other plant species. The multifarious gene structures and domain organizations implicated functional diversity of CCCH genes in B. rapa. Evidence also suggested functional redundancy in at least one subfamily due to high conservation between members. Finally, the expression profiles of subfamily-IX genes indicated that they are likely involved in various stress responses.
Conclusion
This study provides the first genome-wide characterization of the CCCH genes in B. rapa. The results suggest that B. rapa CCCH genes are likely functionally divergent, but mostly involved in plant development and stress response. These results are expected to facilitate future functional characterization of this potential RNA-binding protein family in Brassica crops.
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are highly proliferative and tumorigenic, which contributes to chemotherapy resistance and tumor occurrence. CSCs specific therapy may achieve excellent therapeutic effects, especially to the drug-resistant tumors.
Results
In this study, we developed a kind of targeting nanoparticle system based on cationic albumin functionalized with hyaluronic acid (HA) to target the CD44 overexpressed CSCs. All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) was encapsulated in the nanoparticles with ultrahigh encapsulation efficiency (EE%) of 93% and loading content of 8.37%. TEM analysis showed the nanoparticles were spherical, uniform-sized and surrounded by a coating layer consists of HA. Four weeks of continuously measurements of size, PDI and EE% revealed the high stability of nanoparticles. Thanks to HA conjugation on the surface, the resultant nanoparticles (HA-eNPs) demonstrated high affinity and specific binding to CD44-enriched B16F10 cells. In vivo imaging revealed that HA-eNPs can targeted accumulate in tumor-bearing lung of mouse. The cytotoxicity tests illustrated that ATRA-laden HA-eNPs possessed better killing ability to B16F10 cells than free drug or normal nanoparticles in the same dose, indicating its good targeting property. Moreover, HA-eNPs/ATRA treatment decreased side population of B16F10 cells significantly in vitro. Finally, tumor growth was significantly inhibited by HA-eNPs/ATRA in lung metastasis tumor mice.
Conclusions
These results demonstrate that the HA functionalized albumin nanoparticles is an efficient system for targeted delivery of antitumor drugs to eliminate the CSCs.
Irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C) is a representative psychosomatic disorder. Several pathophysiological factors have been linked to IBS symptoms such as the modulation of gastrointestinal motility, visceral hypersensitivity, dysregulation of the gut-brain axis, genetic and environmental factors, sequelae of infection, and psychosocial disorders. It is likely that biopsychosocial aspects of IBS-C underlie its gender and age effects. However, the influence of each symptom of IBS-C by gender and age is not well understood. We hypothesized that the expression rate of each IBS-C symptom in females and in subjects aged 20–49 years was higher than that of subjects who were male and aged 50–79 years.
Methods
We conducted an internet survey of 30,000 adults from the general Japanese population. IBS-C subjects were asked to answer a questionnaire on the degree of anxiety, thoughts about bowel habits, and their dominant gastrointestinal symptoms together with exacerbation factors. The correlation between gender and age and IBS-C symptoms was analyzed.
Results
When analyzed by gender, the expression rate of abdominal discomfort, abdominal distention, and abdominal fullness was significantly higher in female than male IBS-C subjects (66.5% vs. 58.7%, p?<?0.05; 54.7% vs. 43.6%, p?<?0.01; 18.9% vs. 9.6%, p?<?0.01, respectively). When analyzed by age, the expression rate of abdominal distention and abdominal pain was significantly higher among IBS-C subjects aged 20–49 years than those aged 50–79 years (55.7% vs. 46.8%, p?<?0.05; 36.6% vs. 20.6%, p?<?0.001, respectively). In contrast, there was no gender or age differences with regard to the most common and bothersome symptom (abdominal bloating) among IBS-C subjects.
Conclusions
The expression rate of some IBS-C symptoms was higher among females and those aged 20–49 years than males and those aged 50–79 years, respectively. It is important to understand the impact of symptoms by gender and age to evaluate the pathology of IBS-C from a biopsychosocial perspective.
Trial registration
Although this survey was an anonymous internet survey, we obtained informed consent for the study as an online response. The disclosure of this study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine (approval number: 2015–1-405).
