Modulation by angiotensin III of nociception-related and arterial pressure-related neuronal responsiveness in the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis of the rat

We evaluated possible modulation by angiotensin III (AIII) of the interactive effect of noxious stimuli and elevation in systemic arterial pressure on the responsiveness of neurons in the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis (NRGC) of the medulla oblongata. Combined extracellular single-neuron recording and microiontophoresis were carried out on male, adult Sprague-Dawley rats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. The responsiveness of NRGC neurons to nociception (tail clamp) and/or transient hypertension elicited by phenylephrine (5 μg/kg, i.v.), in the absence or presence of AIII, was used as the experimental index. Microiontophoretic application of the heptapeptide suppressed the responses of spontaneously active NRGC neurons to individually delivered nociception or hypertension. Interestingly, the preferential reduction in responsiveness to tail clamp upon simultaneous elevation in arterial pressure was reversed to one that favored nociception in the presence of AIII. These actions of the heptapeptide appeared to be receptor-specific, since they were discernibly blocked by its selective antagonist, Ile⁷-angiotensin III. Our results reveal that neuropeptides such as AIII may differentially modulate neuronal responsiveness according to the prevailing physiologic input(s) to the central nervous system of the animal.     

Multiple mechanisms of membrane anchoring of Escherichia coli penicillin-binding proteins

Abstract: The major penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) of Escherichia coli play vital roles in cell wall biosynthesis and are located in the inner membrane. The high M _r PBPs 1A, 1B, 2 and 3 are essential bifunctional transglycosylases/transpeptidases which are thought to be type II integral inner membrane proteins with their C-terminal enzymatic domains projecting into the periplasm. The low M _r PBP4 is a DD-carboxypeptidase/endopeptidase, whereas PBPs 5 and are DD-carboxypeptidases. All three low M _r , PBPs act in the modification of peptidoglycan to allow expansion of the sacculus and are thought to be periplasmic proteins attached with varying affinities to the inner membrane via C-terminal amphiphilic α-helices. It is possible that the PBPs and other inner membrane proteins form a peptidoglycan synthesizing complex to coordinate their activities.     

Bioluminescent Salmonella typhimurium provides a rapid assay for measuring the efficacy of freeze-drying suspension media

A strain of Salmonella typhimurium , transformed to a bioluminescent phenotype, was used to compare three freeze-drying suspension media: inositol serum broth with and without added gelatin and sterile skimmed milk. Recovery and growth studies performed by measuring changes in bioluminescence demonstrated that of the three media tested, the routinely used inositol serum broth was the most effective freeze-drying suspension medium.     

Distribution of the enantiomers of hydroxychloroquine and its metabolites in ocular tissues of the rabbit after oral administration of racemic-hydroxychloroquine

The disposition of the enantiomers of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and its major metabolites in ocular tissues of rabbits has been studied. Both albino, New Zealand White (NZW), and pigmented animals were administered daily oral doses of rac-HCQ, (S)-HCQ or (R)-HCQ (20 mg/kg) over 1, 6, or 8 day periods or for 8 days followed by a 7-day washout period. At the end of the study periods, plasma and whole blood samples were collected and the rabbits were sacrificed. The eyes were collected, the aqueous humor removed with a syringe, and the eyes separated into the cornea, lens, vitreous body, iris, choroid-retina, sclera, and conjunctiva. The concentrations of (R)-HCQ, (S)-HCQ, and their respective metabolites were determined using a validated enantioselective liquid chromatographic assay. The data from these studies indicate that HCQ accumulated in both pigmented and nonpigmented ocular tissues. In the pigmented tissues, HCQ and its metabolites were bound to melanin and the binding was not enantiospecific. In the nonpigmented tissues and in the iris and retina-choroid of the NZW rabbits, the accumulation appeared to be the result of a reversible and enantioselective binding of HCQ and its metabolites to an unidentified biopolymer present in these ocular tissues. © 1994 Wiley-liss, Inc.     

The importance of phytoflagellate, heterotrophic flagellate and ciliate grazing on bacteria and picophytoplankton sized prey in a coastal marine environment

The uptake of bacteria and picoplankton sized fluorescentlylabelled beads was measured off the west coast of the SouthIsland of New Zealand in winter. Phytoflagellates and heterotrophicflagellates showed similar grazing rates on 0.49 µm beads,with mean clearance rates of 1.1 and 1.8 nl ind.^–1 h^–1,respectively. Clearance rates for 1.09 µm beads were 0.9nl ind.^–1 h^–1 for heterotrophic flagellates and0.5 nl ind.^–1 h^–1 for phytoflagellates. Non-loricateciliates had clearance rates of 1.5 µl ind.^–1 h^–1for the picoplankton sized particles. The heterotrophic flagellatesshowed no significant difference between clearance rates of0.49 and 1.09 µm particles. Phytoflagellates, however,showed an apparent preference for the smaller particles. Themeasurement of significant grazing by phytoflagellate populationsin the marine environment is important and indicates that weneed to reassess our concepts of food web structure.     

Plasticity of Astroglial Glutamate and γ-Aminobutyric Acid Uptake in Cell Cultures Derived from Postnatal Mouse Cerebellum

Abstract: The plasticity of astroglial glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) uptakes was investigated using mouse cerebellar cell cultures. The influence of external factors, such as different sera and/or the presence of neurons, was examined. Control autoradiography experiments showed that after short-term exposure to radioactive amino acids, granule cells took up neither glutamate nor GABA, and β-alanine predominantly inhibited astroglial GABA uptake. Astroglial uptake was quantified by measuring the radioactivity taken up by the cells in the culture and relating this measurement to the number of glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells present. Glutamate uptake was investigated in astroglial cultures and subcultures and in neuro-nal-astroglial cultures derived from postnatal day 4 mouse cerebella. In the absence of neurons, glutamate uptake increased during the first 9 days after plating and then leveled off. At 14 days in vitro in horse serum, which favors the differentiation of fibrous-like astrocytes, glutamate uptake related to astrocyte number was twice as high as in fetal calf serum. In the presence of cerebellar neurons, this rate was even higher. The specificity of the responsiveness of astrocytes to neurons with respect to glutamate uptake was investigated by comparing GABA uptake in the different culture conditions. Neurons also increased the rate of GABA uptake by astrocytes. Another component of the astroglial plasma membrane, the density of β-adrenergic receptors, was, however, not markedly affected by the presence of neurons. Hence, these results showed that in astrocytes plated from postnatal day 4 mouse cerebella, the level of neuro-transmitter uptake can be regulated in vitro by factors present in sera and by cerebellar neurons in the culture. However, this plasticity declined during development because astrocytes plated from postnatal day 8 cerebella and cultured under identical conditions were less active in glutamate uptake and were insensitive to the presence of horse serum. The latter observation suggested that the metabolic plasticity of astrocytes is restricted to a period defined early in cerebellar development and is no longer evident by postnatal day 8.     

Widespread formation of intracellular calcium carbonates by the bloom-forming cyanobacterium Microcystis

The formation of intracellular amorphous calcium carbonates (iACC) has been recently observed in a few cultured strains of Microcystis, a potentially toxic bloom-forming cyanobacterium found worldwide in freshwater ecosystems. If iACC-forming Microcystis are abundant within blooms, they may represent a significant amount of particulate Ca. Here, we investigate the significance of iACC biomineralization by Microcystis. First, the presence of iACC-forming Microcystis cells has been detected in several eutrophic lakes, indicating that this phenomenon occurs under environmental conditions. Second, some genotypic (presence/absence of ccyA, a marker gene of iACC biomineralization) and phenotypic (presence/absence of iACC) diversity have been detected within a collection of strains isolated from one single lake. This illustrates that this trait is frequent but also variable within Microcystis even at a single locality. Finally, one-third of publicly available genomes of Microcystis were shown to contain the ccyA gene, revealing a wide geographic and phylogenetic distribution within the genus. Overall, the present work shows that the formation of iACC by Microcystis is common under environmental conditions. While its biological function remains undetermined, this process should be further considered regarding the biology of Microcystis and implications on the Ca geochemical cycle in freshwater environments.     

Cobalamin producers and prokaryotic consumers in the Northwest Atlantic

Cobalamin availability can influence primary productivity and ecological interactions in marine microbial communities. The characterization of cobalamin sources and sinks is a first step in investigating cobalamin dynamics and its impact on productivity. Here, we identify potential cobalamin sources and sinks on the Scotian Shelf and Slope in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. Functional and taxonomic annotation of bulk metagenomic reads, combined with analysis of genome bins, were used to identify potential cobalamin sources and sinks. Cobalamin synthesis potential was mainly attributed to Rhodobacteraceae, Thaumarchaeota, and cyanobacteria (Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus). Cobalamin remodelling potential was mainly attributed to Alteromonadales, Pseudomonadales, Rhizobiales, Oceanospirilalles, Rhodobacteraceae, and Verrucomicrobia, while potential cobalamin consumers include Flavobacteriaceae, Actinobacteria, Porticoccaceae, Methylophiliaceae, and Thermoplasmatota. These complementary approaches identified taxa with the potential to be involved in cobalamin cycling on the Scotian Shelf and revealed genomic information required for further characterization. The Cob operon of Rhodobacterales bacterium HTCC2255, a strain with known importance in cobalamin cycling, was similar to a major cobalamin producer bin, suggesting that a related strain may represent a critical cobalamin source in this region. These results enable future inquiries that will enhance our understanding of how cobalamin shapes microbial interdependencies and productivity in this region.     

A real-time database/models base/expert system in predictive microbiology

Summary This paper describes the development and operation of a database/models base/expert system funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food in the UK. As part of an on-going coordinated program on predictive microbiology, the system being established involves storage of data and models relevant to changes in populations of food-borne pathogens under given conditions. The system is due to be completed by March 1994.     

The distribution of coastal fish eDNA sequences in the Anthropocene

Aim

Coastal fishes have a fundamental role in marine ecosystem functioning and contributions to people, but face increasing threats due to climate change, habitat degradation and overexploitation. The extent to which human pressures are impacting coastal fish biodiversity in comparison with geographic and environmental factors at large spatial scale is still under scrutiny. Here, we took advantage of environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding to investigate the relationship between fish biodiversity, including taxonomic and genetic components, and environmental but also socio-economic factors.

Location

Tropical, temperate and polar coastal areas.

Time period

Present day.

Major taxa studied

Marine fishes.

Methods

We analysed fish eDNA in 263 stations (samples) in 68 sites distributed across polar, temperate and tropical regions. We modelled the effect of environmental, geographic and socio-economic factors on α- and β-diversity. We then computed the partial effect of each factor on several fish biodiversity components using taxonomic molecular units (MOTU) and genetic sequences. We also investigated the relationship between fish genetic α- and β-diversity measured from our barcodes, and phylogenetic but also functional diversity.

Results

We show that fish eDNA MOTU and sequence α- and β-diversity have the strongest correlation with environmental factors on coastal ecosystems worldwide. However, our models also reveal a negative correlation between biodiversity and human dependence on marine ecosystems. In areas with high dependence, diversity of all fish, cryptobenthic fish and large fish MOTUs declined steeply. Finally, we show that a sequence diversity index, accounting for genetic distance between pairs of MOTUs, within and between communities, is a reliable proxy of phylogenetic and functional diversity.

Main conclusions

Together, our results demonstrate that short eDNA sequences can be used to assess climate and direct human impacts on marine biodiversity at large scale in the Anthropocene and can further be extended to investigate biodiversity in its phylogenetic and functional dimensions.