Gender influence on vasoactive hormones at rest and during a 70 degrees head-up tilt in healthy humans.

To evaluate the influence of age and gender on the neuroendocrine control of blood pressure in normal subjects, a 13-min 70 degrees head-up tilt (HUT) was applied after 3 h of recumbency to 109 healthy men and women aged 23-50 yr (age group I) and 51-77 yr (age group II). We found that age and gender had a significant influence on plasma norepinephrine (PNE) concentration at baseline and in the upright position. PNE was significantly higher in older men compared with the younger men and women of both age groups, suggesting a divergent age-related activation of the sympathetic nervous system between genders at baseline as well as during a sustained orthostatic challenge. There was no significant influence of age or gender on plasma epinephrine at baseline or during HUT. Plasma renin activity was significantly higher at baseline as well as in the upright position during HUT in elderly men than in women. Age or gender had no influence on plasma vasopressin (PAVP), and, regardless of age, nonhypotensive HUT induced an extremely modest increase in PAVP. The syncopal subjects displayed a hormonal pattern associating increased PNE and a surge in plasma epinephrine and PAVP minutes before syncope during HUT. The orthostatic intolerance appears not to be a feature of healthy aging per se. In healthy subjects, both age and gender modulate markedly the cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses to an orthostatic challenge and must be taken into consideration, particularly when catecholamine responses are studied.     

Cyanobacterial lichen symbiosis: the fungal partner as an optimal harvester

Lichen symbiosis has been traditionally treated as a model case of mutualism in which both partners, the fungus and the photobiont, gain benefits reciprocally. Some recent evidence, however, supports an alternative view that lichen symbiosis may represent an association largely controlled by the commensal or even parasitic fungal partner. The latter gains photosynthates from the photobiont (algae and/or cyanobacteria) which may not always substantially benefit from the symbiosis. We analyze from this perspective how a lichen fungus may maximize photosynthetic gains in bipartite and tripartite associations. We treat the frequency of nitrogen-fixing cells called heterocysts in cyanobacteria and the relative proportion of green algal cells vs. that of cyanobacteria per unit fungus as the variables to be manipulated for maximal carbon gain. The model predicts that even with a negligible cost of cephalodia (compartments containing cyanobacteria) it is in the interest of the tripartite lichen, first, to increase the heterocyst frequency, and second, keep the relative number of cyanobacteria considerably lower than that of green algae. Hence, the lichen fungus achieves higher fitness by making the cyanobacterial partner to specialize on N fixation. The available empirical data support these predictions as the reported heterocyst frequencies in bipartite lichens range from 2 to 8%, and in tripartite lichens between 10 and 55%. It is concluded that interaction asymmetry (i.e. commensalism or parasitism rather than mutualism) provides a sound basis to understand the high phenotypic plasticity expressed by fungi-forming bipartite and tripartite associations with cyanobacteria and green algae.     

FBXO44 promotes DNA replication-coupled repetitive element silencing in cancer cells

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Fitness and feather wear in the Collared Flycatcher Ficedula albicollis

Individual variation in the degree of feather wear is potentially a useful marker of individual quality or fitness, but next to nothing is known about causes and fitness consequences of feather wear in birds. We studied the effects of sex, age, year and experimental manipulation of brood size on primary feather wear in Collared Flycatchers Ficedula albicollis , and related variation in degree of feather wear to differences in fitness (viz. recruitment, survival). At the end of the breeding period, females and young birds had more worn flight feathers than males and adult birds, and the sexual difference in the degree of feather wear was particularly pronounced in one of the two study years. Experimental reduction of brood size reduced the degree of primary feather wear, whereas experimental enlargement of brood size did not lead to increased feather wear. In both sexes, there was a clear tendency for very old (>5 years old) birds to have more worn feathers than middle aged birds. The individual differences in the degree of feather wear were not correlated with individual differences in recruitment rate of young, but survival probability to the next breeding season increased with increasing degree of feather wear.     

Low doses of ultraviolet radiation and oxidative damage induce dramatic accumulation of mitochondrial DNA replication intermediates,fork regression,and replication initiation shift

Mitochondrial DNA is prone to damage by various intrinsic as well as environmental stressors. DNA damage can in turn cause problems for replication, resulting in replication stalling and double-strand breaks, which are suspected to be the leading cause of pathological mtDNA rearrangements. In this study, we exposed cells to subtle levels of oxidative stress or UV radiation and followed their effects on mtDNA maintenance. Although the damage did not influence mtDNA copy number, we detected a massive accumulation of RNA:DNA hybrid–containing replication intermediates, followed by an increase in cruciform DNA molecules, as well as in bidirectional replication initiation outside of the main replication origin, O_H. Our results suggest that mitochondria maintain two different types of replication as an adaptation to different cellular environments; the RNA:DNA hybrid–involving replication mode maintains mtDNA integrity in tissues with low oxidative stress, and the potentially more error tolerant conventional strand-coupled replication operates when stress is high.     

Long-Term Prediction of the Arctic Ionospheric TEC Based on Time-Varying Periodograms

Knowledge of the polar ionospheric total electron content (TEC) and its future variations is of scientific and engineering relevance. In this study, a new method is developed to predict Arctic mean TEC on the scale of a solar cycle using previous data covering 14 years. The Arctic TEC is derived from global positioning system measurements using the spherical cap harmonic analysis mapping method. The study indicates that the variability of the Arctic TEC results in highly time-varying periodograms, which are utilized for prediction in the proposed method. The TEC time series is divided into two components of periodic oscillations and the average TEC. The newly developed method of TEC prediction is based on an extrapolation method that requires no input of physical observations of the time interval of prediction, and it is performed in both temporally backward and forward directions by summing the extrapolation of the two components. The backward prediction indicates that the Arctic TEC variability includes a 9 years period for the study duration, in addition to the well-established periods. The long-term prediction has an uncertainty of 4.8–5.6 TECU for different period sets.     

Drivers of vegetative dormancy across herbaceous perennial plant species

Vegetative dormancy, that is the temporary absence of aboveground growth for ≥ 1 year, is paradoxical, because plants cannot photosynthesise or flower during dormant periods. We test ecological and evolutionary hypotheses for its widespread persistence. We show that dormancy has evolved numerous times. Most species displaying dormancy exhibit life‐history costs of sprouting, and of dormancy. Short‐lived and mycoheterotrophic species have higher proportions of dormant plants than long‐lived species and species with other nutritional modes. Foliage loss is associated with higher future dormancy levels, suggesting that carbon limitation promotes dormancy. Maximum dormancy duration is shorter under higher precipitation and at higher latitudes, the latter suggesting an important role for competition or herbivory. Study length affects estimates of some demographic parameters. Our results identify life historical and environmental drivers of dormancy. We also highlight the evolutionary importance of the little understood costs of sprouting and growth, latitudinal stress gradients and mixed nutritional modes.     

Community structure of insect herbivores is driven by conservatism,escalation and divergence of defensive traits in Ficus

Escalation (macroevolutionary increase) or divergence (disparity between relatives) in trait values are two frequent outcomes of the plant‐herbivore arms race. We studied the defences and caterpillars associated with 21 sympatric New Guinean figs. Herbivore generalists were concentrated on hosts with low protease and oxidative activity. The distribution of specialists correlated with phylogeny, protease and trichomes. Additionally, highly specialised Asota moths used alkaloid rich plants. The evolution of proteases was conserved, alkaloid diversity has escalated across the studied species, oxidative activity has escalated within one clade, and trichomes have diverged across the phylogeny. Herbivore specificity correlated with their response to host defences: escalating traits largely affected generalists and divergent traits specialists; but the effect of escalating traits on extreme specialists was positive. In turn, the evolution of defences in Ficus can be driven towards both escalation and divergence in individual traits, in combination providing protection against a broad spectrum of herbivores.     

Linkage disequilibrium clustering‐based approach for association mapping with tightly linked genomewide data

Genomewide association studies (GWAS) aim to identify genetic markers strongly associated with quantitative traits by utilizing linkage disequilibrium (LD) between candidate genes and markers. However, because of LD between nearby genetic markers, the standard GWAS approaches typically detect a number of correlated SNPs covering long genomic regions, making corrections for multiple testing overly conservative. Additionally, the high dimensionality of modern GWAS data poses considerable challenges for GWAS procedures such as permutation tests, which are computationally intensive. We propose a cluster‐based GWAS approach that first divides the genome into many large nonoverlapping windows and uses linkage disequilibrium network analysis in combination with principal component (PC) analysis as dimensional reduction tools to summarize the SNP data to independent PCs within clusters of loci connected by high LD. We then introduce single‐ and multilocus models that can efficiently conduct the association tests on such high‐dimensional data. The methods can be adapted to different model structures and used to analyse samples collected from the wild or from biparental F₂ populations, which are commonly used in ecological genetics mapping studies. We demonstrate the performance of our approaches with two publicly available data sets from a plant (Arabidopsis thaliana) and a fish (Pungitius pungitius), as well as with simulated data.