Torus mandibularis in 45,X females (Turner syndrome)

Ninety-three Finnish females with a 45,X chromosome constitution, 78 first-degree female, and 37 first-degree male relatives were examined to determine the frequency and expression of torus mandibularis. The results indicate that among adults the frequency of the trait was significantly lower and the expression weaker in the 45,X females than in male control relatives. A similar trend was observed in comparison to normal females. In juveniles the trend was reversed. Our findings suggest that the sex chromosomes may have an influence on the occurrence, expression, and timing of development of the mandibular torus. Sexual dimorphism in the manifestation of torus mandibularis may result particularly from the effect of the Y chromosome on growth. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Evolution of heterospecific attraction: using other species as cues in habitat selection

We analyzed the ecological conditions that may favor a habitat selection process in which later arriving individuals (colonists) use the presence of earlier established species (residents) as a cue to profitable breeding sites (heterospecific attraction). In our model, colonists assessing potential breeding patches could select between high-quality source and low-quality sink patches. A proportion of the source patches were occupied by residents. Colonists could either directly sample the relative quality of the patches (termed samplers) or, alternatively, they could also use residents as a cue of patch quality (cue-users). Cue-users gained benefit from lowered costs when assessing occupied source patches. The cue-using strategy is an efficient way to choose the best possible patch not only when interspecific competition is intense, but also when benefits from social aggregation exceed the effects of competition. High relative cost of sampling empty patches increases the fitness of the cue-using strategy relative to samplers. The strongest attraction to heterospecifics was predicted when the benefit from aggregating with residents exceeded the effects of competition, and approximately half of the landscape consisted of occupied, high-quality source patches.     

Detection of Cannabinoid CB1, Adenosine A1, Muscarinic Acetylcholine, and GABAB Receptor-Dependent G Protein Activity in Transducin-Deactivated Membranes and Autoradiography Sections of Rat Retina

1. Several G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been localized to various layers of the vertebrate retina, using autoradiographic and immunohistochemical techniques, but the functional data concerning G protein activation are limited. Here, we establish optimized assay conditions to detect receptor-dependent G protein activity in membranes and tissue sections of the rat retina. 2. Agonist-stimulated [35S]GTPgammaS-binding responses were characterized for the Gi/o-linked adenosine A1, cannabinoid CB1, m2/m4 muscarinic acetylcholine, and GABA(B) receptors. Initial assumption was that G protein activity under "basal conditions" is high due to enrichment and activity of rhodopsin and transducin in this tissue. 3. We found that pretreatment of retina membranes with hydroxylamine (10 mM), a rhodopsin-inactivating drug, substantially (up to 60%) reduced basal G protein activity, thereby improving signal-to-noise ratio to detect agonist-stimulated G protein activation for all studied receptors. [35S]GTPgammaS autoradiography revealed that hydroxylamine specifically reduced basal binding in the transducin-enriched photoreceptor layer. In contrast, hydroxylamine did not affect GPCR signaling in brain membranes, indicating specific action on retinal transducin. 4. For all studied receptors, [35S]GTPgammaS autoradiography allowed localization of G protein activity to different retinal layers, with the bulk of signal detected in the ganglion cell layer. Strongest responses were observed for adenosine and muscarinic receptor agonists. Additional G protein activity was detected in the inner plexiform layer. 5. Responses to all tested agonists were reversed in the presence of appropriate receptor-selective antagonists, indicating receptor-mediated G protein activation.     

The effect of interstimulus interval on somatosensory point localization

Somatosensory point localization is a clinical test evaluating spatial accuracy of the somatosensory system. Possible effects of the interstimulus interval (ISI) on point localization threshold have not been previously examined. In the present set of experiments the effect of time delay on somatosensory point localization was studied using ISIs of 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 s, and applying a newly developed computer-controlled application method of a Semmes-Weinstein monofilament. It was found that the point localization threshold was not significantly affected by the ISI length. However, the response time was shorter and response accuracy better at the shorter (1 and 3 s) than at the longer (5, 7, and 9 s) ISIs, suggesting a change in the mechanism underlying point localization decision criteria in ISIs longer than 3 s.     

Relationships among Doppler-derived umbilical artery absolute velocities, cardiac function, and placental volume blood flow and resistance in fetal sheep

We hypothesized that umbilical artery (UA) absolute blood flow velocities measured by Doppler ultrasonography reflect placental volume blood flow (Q(UA)) and placental vascular resistance (R(UA)) in a late gestation fetal sheep model. In addition, we examined the relationships between umbilical artery absolute blood flow velocities and parameters of fetal cardiac function. Twenty-six sheep fetuses were instrumented at 112-132 days of gestation. After a 5-day recovery period, experiments were performed under general anesthesia in 16 normal fetuses, in 5 fetuses after maternal administration of phenylephrine, and in 5 fetuses after placental embolization. The Q(UA) and arterial blood pressures were measured using a transit-time ultrasonic flow probe and a catheter placed into the descending aorta, respectively. UA peak systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic velocity (EDV), time-averaged maximum velocity (TAMXV), pulsatility index (PI), mean velocity (V(mean)), fetal cardiac output, ventricular ejection forces, and the proportion of isovolumetric relaxation time (IRT%) in the cardiac cycle were measured with the use of Doppler ultrasonography. Significant positive linear correlations were found between UA EDV, TAMXV, and V(mean) versus Q(UA), whereas UA PI had a significant negative correlation with Q(UA). Significant negative correlations were shown between UA EDV, TAMXV, and V(mean) versus R(UA). A significant positive correlation was present between UA PI and R(UA). Doppler-derived UA parameters did not correlate with fetal arterial blood pressures, cardiac output, ventricular ejection forces or IRT%. In fetal sheep, Doppler-derived UA PI and absolute velocities, except PSV, are closely related to directly measured Q(UA) and R(UA), validating the use of noninvasive Doppler velocimetry in the assessment of placental circulation.     

Spontaneous and stimulated interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production at delivery and three months after birth

OBJECTIVE: To study the production and interrelations of maternal and neonatal cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-alpha) during labor, after vaginal delivery and at three months after delivery. METHOD: The unstimulated concentrations of cytokines in the supernatants of whole-blood cultures and concentrations after PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) and concanavalin (conA) stimulation were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). The blood samples were from the peripheral veins of 27 healthy women during term labor and immediately after delivery and three months after delivery. Neonatal samples were taken at birth (cord blood) and three months after delivery. RESULTS: IL-6 responses to stimulation were increased in the parturients and in umbilical cord blood at delivery compared with maternal and neonatal samples obtained 3 months postpartum. In contrast, the production of maternal TNF-alpha in peripheral blood was down-regulated at delivery compared with values 3 months postpartum. After an IL-6 and TNF-alpha burst in umbilical cord samples, neonatal cytokine production was at a low level three months after delivery. IL-6 production tended to be higher in both umbilical cord blood as well as in maternal samples after delivery in women who were younger. In addition, TNF-alpha production in umbilical cord blood was significantly higher in those women who were younger. CONCLUSIONS: The production of IL-6 was up-regulated in both the maternal and in umbilical cord blood at delivery. The production of TNF-alpha was up-regulated in umbilical cord blood compared with neonatal values 3 months after birth. Maternal age had effects on IL-6 and TNF-alpha production at delivery.     

The PM2 virion has a novel organization with an internal membrane and pentameric receptor binding spikes

Biological membranes are notoriously resistant to structural analysis. Excellent candidates to tackle this problem in situ are membrane-containing viruses where the membrane is constrained by an icosahedral capsid. Cryo-EM and image reconstruction of bacteriophage PM2 revealed a membrane bilayer following the internal surface of the capsid. The viral genome closely interacts with the inner leaflet. The capsid, at a resolution of 8.4 A, reveals 200 trimeric capsomers with a pseudo T = 21 dextro organization. Pentameric receptor-binding spikes protrude from the surface. It is evident from the structure that the PM2 membrane has at least two important roles in the life cycle. First, it acts as a scaffold to nucleate capsid assembly. Second, after host recognition, it fuses with the host outer membrane to promote genome entry. The structure also sheds light on how the viral supercoiled circular double-stranded DNA genome might be packaged and released.     

Population Genetic Structure and Conservation of the Lesser White-Fronted GooseAnser erythropus

The lesser white-fronted goose is a sub-Arctic species with a currently fragmented breeding range, which extends from Fennoscandia to easternmost Siberia. The population started to decline at the beginning of the last century and, with a current world population estimate of 25,000 individuals, it is the most threatened of the Palearctic goose species. Of these, only 30–50 pairs breed in Fennoscandia. A fragment of the control region of mtDNA was sequenced from 110 individuals from four breeding, one staging and two wintering areas to study geographic subdivisions and gene flow. Sequences defined 15 mtDNA haplotypes that were assigned to two mtDNA lineages. Both the mtDNA lineages were found from all sampled localities indicating a common ancestry and/or some level of gene flow. Analyses of molecular variance showed significant structuring among populations ( _ST 0.220, P < 0.001). The results presented here together with ecological data indicate that the lesser white-fronted goose is fragmented into three distinctive subpopulations, and thus, the conservation status of the species should be reconsidered.