Module-based construction of plasmids for chromosomal integration of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Integration of an external gene into a fission yeast chromosome is useful to investigate the effect of the gene product. An easy way to knock-in a gene construct is use of an integration plasmid, which can be targeted and inserted to a chromosome through homologous recombination. Despite the advantage of integration, construction of integration plasmids is energy- and time-consuming, because there is no systematic library of integration plasmids with various promoters, fluorescent protein tags, terminators and selection markers; therefore, researchers are often forced to make appropriate ones through multiple rounds of cloning procedures. Here, we establish materials and methods to easily construct integration plasmids. We introduce a convenient cloning system based on Golden Gate DNA shuffling, which enables the connection of multiple DNA fragments at once: any kind of promoters and terminators, the gene of interest, in combination with any fluorescent protein tag genes and any selection markers. Each of those DNA fragments, called a ‘module’, can be tandemly ligated in the order we desire in a single reaction, which yields a circular plasmid in a one-step manner. The resulting plasmids can be integrated through standard methods for transformation. Thus, these materials and methods help easy construction of knock-in strains, and this will further increase the value of fission yeast as a model organism.     

A random fatigue of mechanize titanium abutment studied with Markoff chain and stochastic finite element formulation

To measure fatigue in dental implants and in its components, it is necessary to use a probabilistic analysis since the randomness in the output depends on a number of parameters (such as fatigue properties of titanium and applied loads, unknown beforehand as they depend on mastication habits). The purpose is to apply a probabilistic approximation in order to predict fatigue life, taking into account the randomness of variables. More accuracy on the results has been obtained by taking into account different load blocks with different amplitudes, as happens with bite forces during the day and allowing us to know how effects have different type of bruxism on the piece analysed.     

Plasma somatostatin-like immunoreactivity during growth-hormone-releasing hormone therapy in non-growth-hormone-deficient children

To date, the effects of long-term growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone [GHRH(1-29)-NH2] treatment on the plasma concentrations of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) remain undefined. In the present study, the effect of GHRH(1-29)-NH2 therapy on plasma SLI levels has been studied in 11 non-GH-deficient children. The pattern of administration was 5 micrograms/kg body weight, given subcutaneously once every day. There was no significant change in plasma SLI levels after bolus injection of GHRH(1-29)-NH2 before and during GHRH(1-29)-NH2 therapy. However, plasma SLI rose in basal plasma and nocturnal sleep after 3 months of GHRH(1-29)-NH2 therapy and remained the same during 6 months of treatment with GHRH(1-29)-NH2. The reason for this finding is uncertain, but an increase in SLI release from the enteroinsular axis is a possible explanation. The association of our findings with the role of the circulating SLI on nutrient homeostasis and the effects of GNRH on growth velocity is discussed.     

Nitrogen Oxyanion-dependent Dissociation of a Two-component Complex That Regulates Bacterial Nitrate Assimilation

Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for growth and is readily available to microbes in many environments in the form of ammonium and nitrate. Both ions are of environmental significance due to sustained use of inorganic fertilizers on agricultural soils. Diverse species of bacteria that have an assimilatory nitrate/nitrite reductase system (NAS) can use nitrate or nitrite as the sole nitrogen source for growth when ammonium is limited. In Paracoccus denitrificans, the pathway-specific two-component regulator for NAS expression is encoded by the nasT and nasS genes. Here, we show that the putative RNA-binding protein NasT is a positive regulator essential for expression of the nas gene cluster (i.e. nasABGHC). By contrast, a nitrogen oxyanion-binding sensor (NasS) is required for nitrate/nitrite-responsive control of nas gene expression. The NasS and NasT proteins co-purify as a stable heterotetrameric regulatory complex, NasS-NasT. This protein-protein interaction is sensitive to nitrate and nitrite, which cause dissociation of the NasS-NasT complex into monomeric NasS and an oligomeric form of NasT. NasT has been shown to bind the leader RNA for nasA. Thus, upon liberation from the complex, the positive regulator NasT is free to up-regulate nas gene expression.     

Cloning ofCandida boidinii DNA fragments promoting autonomous replication of plasmids inSaccharomyces cerevisiae

Fragments of Candida boidinii chromosomal DNA were inserted into the integrative vector YIp-kanr and examined for the presence of sequences promoting autonomous replication of plasmids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Restriction maps of two plasmids, designated S6/4 and S6/5, originating from the same S. cerevisiae transformant, were constructed. Southern hybridization data confirmed that the plasmids carry sequences from the C. boidinii chromosome. Both plasmids transform S. cerevisiae strains at 4-5-fold higher frequency than cloning vectors based on the replication origin of the 2 microns plasmid. Mitotic stability of the constructed plasmids is similar to that of the 2 mu-based vector pNF2 in S. cerevisiae.     

Patterns of energy metabolism and growth kinetics of Kluyveromyces marxianus in whey chemostat culture

The influence of physiological parameters such as carbon substrate flux and O₂ uptake rates on energy metabolism are reported with reference to biomass productivity in whey chemostat culture. The combined results show that oxidoreductive energy metabolism may be attained independently of the yeast reaching its maximum respiratory capacity. A novel metabolic interpretation is presented proposing that a relative imbalance between glycolysis and subsequent oxidative steps alone is sufficient to account for the observed results. By means of a mathematical model the results could be reproduced under all experimental conditions. The new interpretation provides an insight into the manner in which energy mettbolism is regulated and influences growth-related process Kluyveromyces marxianus, as well as other yeasts with similar physiological characteristics. Correspondence to: J. I. Castrillo