Crossed inhibition as revealed by cross-correlogram between bilateral homonymous motor unit spikes in man.

Neuromuscular unit (NMU) spikes activated during the tonic vibration reflex (TVR) in man were studied by means of the cross-correlogram test. Those NMUs which preferredly fired at some definite interval with good correlation with vibration were called "locked" spikes. The amount above zero correlation level seen in the cross-correlogram was expressed as ipsilateral "excitatory frequency", Ef. TVR contraction of the ipsilateral quadriceps femoris muscle was stimulated by voluntary contraction of the contralateral quadriceps femoris. I. Cross-correlogram test of the contralateral voluntary NMU spikes with ipsilateral vibration revealed "contralateral inhibitory modulation". Such inhibitory modulation was observed in 24% of the contralateral NMUs during voluntary tracking contraction with visual feed-back and in 22% of NMUs during blind simulated contraction without visual feed-back. The "subtracted" amount, i.e., contralateral inhibitory modulation, was also expressed as the contralateral "inhibitory frequency", If, which was calculated from the indentations of the cross-correlogram. 2. When varied vibratory frequency was applied to the muscle both Ef and If attained their maximum value around an "optimal frequency" of vibration, i.e., 80-95 HZ. 3. The ratio Ef/If was proposed as the reciprocal co-activation ratio which was fairly independent of the change of vibratory frequency. An average value of Ef/If ratio was calculated at 2.2 +/- 0.9 from 19 experiments.     

Dielectric relaxation of DNA in aqueous solutions.

Using a four-electrode cell and a new electronic system for direct detection of the frequency differences specturm of solution impedance, the complex dielectric constant of calf thymus DNA (M_r = 4 × 10⁶) in aqueous NaCl at 10°C is measured at frequencies ranging from 0.2 Hz to 30 kHz. The DNA concentrations are C_p = 0.01% and 0.05%, and the NaCl concentrations are varied from C_s = 10^?4 M to 10^?3 M. A single relaxation regions is found in this frequency range, the relaxation frequency being 10 Hz at C_p = 0.01% and C_s = 10^?3 M. At C_p = 0.05% it is evidenced that the DNA chains have appreciable intermolecular interactions. The dielectric relaxaton time τ_d at C_p = 0.01% agrees well with the rotational relaxation time estimated from the reduced visocisty on the assumption that the DNA is not representable as a rigid rod but a coiled chain. It is concluded that the dielectric relaxiatioinis ascribed to the rotation of the molecule. Observed values of dielectric increment and other experimental findings are reasonably explained by assuming that the dipole moment of DNA results from the slow counterion fluctuation which has a longer relaxation time than τ_d.     

Ultrasonic absorption in aqueous solution of lysozyme.

The titration curve of ultrasonic absorption at 2.82 MHz in aqueous solutions of lysozyme measured by Zana and Lang [J. Phys. Chem., 74 , 2734 (1970)] is theoretically analyzed. The maxima at pH 3 and pH 11 are describable with proton-transfer reactions of dissociable carboxyl and amino groups by assuming that volume changes due to the reactions are 2.3 and 5.2 cm³/mole, respectively, which are appreciably smaller than those of simple amino acids. The remaining, pH-independent excess absorption over solvent is measured at frequencies ranging from 3 to 150 MHz. The absorption is ascribed to the internal loss of protein. The complex compressibility β′_p ? iβ″_p of lysozyme molecule is evaluated as β′_p = 7.2 × 10^?12 cm²/dyne and β″_P = 4.3 × 10^?14 cm²/dyne from the increments over solvent in absorption as well as in sound velocity.     

Winter energetics of Virginia opossums Didelphis virginiana and implications for the species' northern distributional limit

While climatic limitations are widely recognized as primary factors determining the distributions of many species, the physiological link between climate and species' persistence is poorly understood. The Virginia opossum Didelphis virginiana is a species for which winter energetics have been evaluated and a northern geographical limit has been hypothesized. Expansion of opossum populations beyond this limit, however, suggests that a previous winter energetics model requires modification. I update this energetics model by incorporating random foraging success to estimate the probability of opossum survival under varying winter temperature regimes. Estimation of opossum "success" for winters in Amherst, Massachusetts, since 1926 showed that juvenile females, the key breeding component of the population, would survive at a rate high enough to maintain a stable population in only 4 of the 77 yr. The model correctly predicted the fate of 13 of 14 opossums monitored in the Amherst area during the winters of 2000–2003. The current energetics model does not correctly predict autumn weight gain, but it does accurately estimate opossum winter survival. However, the model predicts that opossums should be winter-limited in areas such as Amherst, Massachusetts, where in fact they are well established. This discrepancy may be explained in three ways: weather station data do not adequately reflect available microclimates, opossums show high levels of flexibility in cold-weather foraging behavior, and most likely, humans provide food and shelter that mitigate the effect of winter.     

Correlation of hepcidin and serum ferritin levels in thalassemia patients at Chiang Mai University Hospital

Hepcidin is a key iron-regulatory hormone, the production of which is controlled by iron stores, inflammation, hypoxia and erythropoiesis. The regulation of iron by hepcidin is of clinical importance in thalassemia patients in which anemia occurs along with iron overload. The present study aimed to evaluate the correlation between serum hepcidin and ferritin levels in thalassemia patients. This cross-sectional study investigated 64 patients with thalassemia; 16 β-thalassemia major (BTM), 31 β-thalassemia/hemoglobin (Hb) E (BE), and 17 Hb H + AE Bart’s disease (Hb H + AE Bart’s). The levels of serum hepcidin and ferritin, and Hb of the three groups were measured. The median values of serum ferritin and Hb were significantly different among the three groups, whereas serum hepcidin values were not observed to be significantly different. The correlation of the serum hepcidin and ferritin levels was not statistically significant in any of the three groups of thalassemia patients with BTM, BE, or Hb H + AE Bart’s (r = −0.141, 0.065 and −0.016, respectively). In conclusion, no statistically significant correlations were observed between serum hepcidin with any variables including serum ferritin, Hb, age, labile plasma iron (LPI), and number of blood transfusion units among the three groups of thalassemia patients. Likely, the regulation of hepcidin in thalassemia patients is affected more by erythropoietic activity than iron storage.     

Sulfurimicrobium lacus gen. nov., sp. nov., a sulfur oxidizer isolated from lake water,and review of the family Sulfuricellaceae to show that it is not a later synonym of Gallionellaceae

Archives of Microbiology - A facultatively anaerobic sulfur-oxidizing bacterium, strain skT11T, was isolated from anoxic lake water of a stratified freshwater lake. As electron donor for...     

Eighteen Coral Genomes Reveal the Evolutionary Origin of Acropora Strategies to Accommodate Environmental Changes

The genus Acropora comprises the most diverse and abundant scleractinian corals (Anthozoa, Cnidaria) in coral reefs, the most diverse marine ecosystems on Earth. However, the genetic basis for the success and wide distribution of Acropora are unknown. Here, we sequenced complete genomes of 15 Acropora species and 3 other acroporid taxa belonging to the genera Montipora and Astreopora to examine genomic novelties that explain their evolutionary success. We successfully obtained reasonable draft genomes of all 18 species. Molecular dating indicates that the Acropora ancestor survived warm periods without sea ice from the mid or late Cretaceous to the Early Eocene and that diversification of Acropora may have been enhanced by subsequent cooling periods. In general, the scleractinian gene repertoire is highly conserved; however, coral- or cnidarian-specific possible stress response genes are tandemly duplicated in Acropora. Enzymes that cleave dimethlysulfonioproprionate into dimethyl sulfide, which promotes cloud formation and combats greenhouse gasses, are the most duplicated genes in the Acropora ancestor. These may have been acquired by horizontal gene transfer from algal symbionts belonging to the family Symbiodiniaceae, or from coccolithophores, suggesting that although functions of this enzyme in Acropora are unclear, Acropora may have survived warmer marine environments in the past by enhancing cloud formation. In addition, possible antimicrobial peptides and symbiosis-related genes are under positive selection in Acropora, perhaps enabling adaptation to diverse environments. Our results suggest unique Acropora adaptations to ancient, warm marine environments and provide insights into its capacity to adjust to rising seawater temperatures.     

Clarifying the factors affecting the implementation of the “early to bed,early to rise,and don’t forget your breakfast” campaign aimed at adolescents in Japan

Sleep and Biological Rhythms - This study aimed to assess the success of the Japanese government’s “Early to bed, early to rise, and don’t forget your breakfast” (EB, ER,...     

Sunitinib Indirectly Enhanced Anti-Tumor Cytotoxicity of Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells and CD3+CD56+ Subset through the Co-Culturing Dendritic Cells

Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells have reached clinical trials for leukemia and solid tumors. Their anti-tumor cytotoxicity had earlier been shown to be intensified after the co-culture with dendritic cells (DCs). We observed markedly enhanced anti-tumor cytotoxicity activity of CIK cells after the co-culture with sunitinib-pretreated DCs over that of untreated DCs. This cytotoxicity was reliant upon DC modulation by sunitinib because the direct exposure of CIK cells to sunitinib had no significant effect. Sunitinib promoted Th1-inducing and pro-inflammatory phenotypes (IL-12, IFN-γ and IL-6) in DCs at the expense of Th2 inducing phenotype (IL-13) and regulatory phenotype (PD-L1, IDO). Sunitinib-treated DCs subsequently induced the upregulation of Th1 phenotypic markers (IFN-γ and T-bet) and the downregulation of the Th2 signature (GATA-3) and the Th17 marker (RORC) on the CD3⁺CD56⁺ subset of CIK cells. It concluded that sunitinib-pretreated DCs drove the CD3⁺CD56⁺ subset toward Th1 phenotype with increased anti-tumor cytotoxicity.