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31.
Background
The prevention of head injuries in alpine activities has focused on helmets. However, no systematic review has examined the effect of helmets on head and neck injuries among skiers and snowboarders.Methods
We searched electronic databases, conference proceedings and reference lists using a combination of the key words “head injury or head trauma,” “helmet” and “skiing or snowboarding.” We included studies that used a control group; compared skiers or snowboarders with and without helmets; and measured at least one objectively quantified outcome (e.g., head injury, and neck or cervical injury).Results
We included 10 case–control, 1 case–control/case-crossover and 1 cohort study in our analysis. The pooled odds ratio (OR) indicated that skiers and snowboarders with a helmet were significantly less likely than those without a helmet to have a head injury (OR 0.65, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.55–0.79). The result was similar for studies that used controls without an injury (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.36–0.92), those that used controls with an injury other than a head or neck injury (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.52–0.80) and studies that included children under the age of 13 years (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.27–0.59). Helmets were not associated with an increased risk of neck injury (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.72–1.09).Interpretation
Our findings show that helmets reduce the risk of head injury among skiers and snowboarders with no evidence of an increased risk of neck injury.Skiing and snowboarding are popular winter activities.1 Estimates from numerous countries indicate that head injuries account for 9% to 19%, and neck injuries for 1% to 4%, of all injuries reported by ski patrols and emergency departments.2–11 Rates of head and neck injuries have been reported between 0.09 and 0.46 per 1000 outings.12 Head and neck injuries are disproportionately represented in cases of severe trauma, and traumatic brain injury is the leading cause of death and serious injury among skiers and snow-boarders.13 As far back as 1983, Oh and Schmid recommended mandatory helmet use for children while skiing.14Many studies of the relation between helmet use and head injuries among skiers and snowboarders have found a protective effect.15–24 It has been suggested that the use of helmets may increase the risk of neck injury in a crash or fall.25 This may be more evident among children because they have a greater head:body ratio than adults, and the additional size and weight of the helmet may increase the risk of neck injury in an otherwise routine fall.26 We conducted a systematic review of the effect of helmets on head and neck injuries among skiers and snowboarders. 相似文献32.
Josh D. Silvertown Anton Neschadim Hsueh-Ning Liu Patrick Shannon Jagdeep S. Walia Jessica C.H. Kao Janice Robertson Alastair J.S. Summerlee Jeffrey A. Medin 《Regulatory peptides》2010,159(1-3):44-53
Evidence suggests that relaxin-3 may have biological functions in the reproductive and central nervous systems. To date, however, relaxin-3 biodistribution has only been investigated in the mouse, rat, pig and teleost fish. Characterizing relaxin-3 gene structure, expression patterns, and function in non-human primates and humans is critical to delineating its biological significance. Experiments were performed to clone the rhesus macaque orthologues of the relaxin-3 peptide hormone and its cognitive receptors (RXFP1 and RXFP4). An investigation of rhesus relaxin-3 bioactivity and RXFP1 binding properties was also performed. Next we sought to investigate relaxin-3 immunoreactivity in human and rhesus macaque tissues. Immunohistofluorescence staining for relaxin-3 in the brain, testis, and prostate indicated predominant immunostaining in the ventral and dorsal tegmental nuclei, interstitial space surrounding the seminiferous tubules, and prostatic stromal cells, respectively. Further, in studies designed towards exploring biological functions, we observed neuroprotective actions of rhesus relaxin-3 on human neuronal cell cultures. Taken together, this study broadens the significance of relaxin-3 as a peptide involved in both neuronal cell function and reproductive tissues in primates. 相似文献
33.
WOX4 Promotes Procambial Development 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jiabing Ji Josh Strable Rena Shimizu Daniel Koenig Neelima Sinha Michael J. Scanlon 《Plant physiology》2010,152(3):1346-1356
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An affinity-enhanced neutralizing antibody against the membrane-proximal external region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp41 recognizes an epitope between those of 2F5 and 4E10
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Nelson JD Brunel FM Jensen R Crooks ET Cardoso RM Wang M Hessell A Wilson IA Binley JM Dawson PE Burton DR Zwick MB 《Journal of virology》2007,81(8):4033-4043
The membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp41 bears the epitopes of two broadly neutralizing antibodies (Abs), 2F5 and 4E10, making it a target for vaccine design. A third Ab, Fab Z13, had previously been mapped to an epitope that overlaps those of 2F5 and 4E10 but only weakly neutralizes a limited set of primary isolates. Here, libraries of Fab Z13 variants displayed on phage were engineered and affinity selected against an MPER peptide and recombinant gp41. A high-affinity variant, designated Z13e1, was isolated and found to be approximately 100-fold improved over the parental Fab not only in binding affinity for the MPER antigens but also in neutralization potency against sensitive HIV-1. Alanine scanning of MPER residues 664 to 680 revealed that N671 and D674 are crucial for peptide recognition as well as for the neutralization of HIV-1 by Z13e1. Ab competition studies and truncation of MPER peptides indicate that Z13e1 binds with high affinity to an epitope between and overlapping with those of 2F5 and 4E10, with the minimal peptide epitope WASLWNWFDITN. Still, Z13e1 remained about an order of magnitude less potent than 4E10 against several isolates of pseudotyped HIV-1. The sum of our molecular analyses with Z13e1 suggests that the segment on the MPER of gp41 between the 2F5 and 4E10 epitopes is exposed on the functional envelope trimer but that access to the specific Z13e1 epitope within this segment is limited. Thus, the ability of MPER-bearing immunogens to elicit potent HIV-1-neutralizing Abs may depend in part on recapitulating the particular constraints that the functional envelope trimer imposes on the segment of the MPER to which Z13e1 binds. 相似文献
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The interactive effect of grazing and soil resources on plant species richness and coexistence has been predicted to vary
across spatial scales. When resources are not limiting, grazing should reduce competitive effects and increase colonisation
and richness at fine scales. However, at broad scales richness is predicted to decline due to loss of grazing intolerant species.
We examined these hypotheses in grasslands of southern Australia that varied in resources and ungulate grazing intensity since
farming commenced 170 years ago. Fine-scale species richness was slightly greater in more intensively grazed upper slope sites
with high nutrients but low water supply compared to those that were moderately grazed, largely due to a greater abundance
of exotic species. At broader scales, exotic species richness declined with increasing grazing intensity whether nutrients
or water supply were low or high. Native species richness declined at all scales in response to increasing grazing intensity
and greater resource supply. Grazing also reduced fine-scale heterogeneity in native species richness and although exotics
were also characterised by greater heterogeneity at fine scales, grazing effects varied across scales. In these grasslands
patterns of plant species richness did not match predictions at all scales and this is likely to be due to differing responses
of native and exotic species and their relative abundance in the regional species pool. Over the past 170 years intolerant
native species have been eliminated from areas that are continually and heavily grazed, whereas transient, light grazing increases
richness of both exotics and natives. The results support the observation that the processes and scales at which they operate
differ between coevolved ungulate—grassland systems and those in transition due to recent invasion of herbivores and associated
plant species. 相似文献
39.
Christian Lavoie C. Josh Donlan Karl Campbell Felipe Cruz G. Victor Carrion 《Biological invasions》2007,9(2):139-148
Non-native mammals are major drivers of ecosystem change and biodiversity loss; this is especially apparent on islands. However,
techniques exist to remove non-native mammals, providing a powerful conservation tool. Conservation practitioners are now
targeting larger islands for restoration. Leveraging existing and developing new techniques and technologies will prove critical
to successful eradications on large islands. Using the removal of introduced goats (Capra hircus) from Santiago Island, Galápagos as a case study, we present a suite of Geographic Information System (GIS) tools that aid
island conservation actions. GIS tools were incorporated into the three phases of the eradication campaign: planning, hunting,
and monitoring. Further, these tools were adopted for three eradication techniques: ground-based hunting, aerial hunting by
helicopter, and Judas goats. These geographic approaches provide a foundation for statistical, spatial, and economic analyses
that should increase the capability and efficiency of removal campaigns. Given limited conservation funds and the dire status
of many insular species, efficiently removing non-native mammals from islands is of paramount global conservation importance. 相似文献
40.
Neuman Josh Roeder Nicole Richardson Brittany Quattrin Teresa Hamilton John Thanos Panayotis K. 《Neurochemical research》2022,47(10):3003-3011
Neurochemical Research - Dopamine is an important neuromodulator in the brain that binds to dopamine D1-like receptors (D1, D5) as well as dopamine D2-like receptors (D2, D3, D4). The D2 receptor... 相似文献