Purification of antibody and antibody-fragment from E. coli homogenate using 6,9-diamino-2-ethoxyacridine lactate as precipitation agent

To obtain a more efficient purification process for antibody fragments from an Escherichia coli homogenate, the precipitant, Ethodin (6,9-diamino-2-ethoxyacridine lactate) was introduced to the homogenate. By adding the precipitant a drastic reduction of host cell protein was obtained. The majority of the proteins were recovered in a precipitate with the cell debris, while the antibody or antibody-fragment was recovered in the clarified supernatant. In addition, DNA was also efficiently precipitated when using Ethodin as a precipitation agent. The improved purity of the clarified extract obtained by using the precipitant allows for the use of smaller chromatography columns and may reduce the number of chromatographic steps required in the recovery process. The effect of Ethodin concentration, pH, temperature, and conductivity were investigated. The investigation was performed on two different antibody-fragments, e.g., F(ab')(2) molecules and a full-length antibody produced in E. coli. The two F(ab')(2) proteins were F(ab')(2)A and F(ab')(2)B, which have a similar molecular mass (100 kDa) but different isoelectric points (pIs), i.e., 8.9 and 7.5, respectively. The full-length antibody, Ab (the full IgG form of F(ab')(2)B) has a pI of 7.8 and molecular mass of 150 kDa. The investigation showed that the highest purification factors were obtained at neutral pH, low conductivity, and Ethodin concentrations of 0.6%.     

Non-invasive Measurement of Brown Fat Metabolism Based on Optoacoustic Imaging of Hemoglobin Gradients

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A single-step method for purification of active His-tagged ribosomes from a genetically engineered Escherichia coli

With the rapid development of the ribosome field in recent years a quick, simple and high-throughput method for purification of the bacterial ribosome is in demand. We have designed a new strain of Escherichia coli (JE28) by an in-frame fusion of a nucleotide sequence encoding a hexa-histidine affinity tag at the 3′-end of the single copy rplL gene (encoding the ribosomal protein L12) at the chromosomal site of the wild-type strain MG1655. As a result, JE28 produces a homogeneous population of ribosomes (His)₆-tagged at the C-termini of all four L12 proteins. Furthermore, we have developed a single-step, high-throughput method for purification of tetra-(His)₆-tagged 70S ribosomes from this strain using affinity chromatography. These ribosomes, when compared with the conventionally purified ones in sucrose gradient centrifugation, 2D-gel, dipeptide formation and a full-length protein synthesis assay showed higher yield and activity. We further describe how this method can be adapted for purification of ribosomal subunits and mutant ribosomes. These methodologies could, in principle, also be used to purify any functional multimeric complex from the bacterial cell.     

Mechanotransduction of mesenchymal melanoma cell invasion into 3D collagen lattices: Filopod-mediated extension–relaxation cycles and force anisotropy

Mesenchymal cell migration in interstitial tissue is a cyclic process of coordinated leading edge protrusion, adhesive interaction with extracellular matrix (ECM) ligands, cell contraction followed by retraction and movement of the cell rear. During migration through 3D tissue, the force fields generated by moving cells are non-isotropic and polarized between leading and trailing edge, however the integration of protrusion formation, cell–substrate adhesion, traction force generation and cell translocation in time and space remain unclear. Using high-resolution 3D confocal reflectance and fluorescence microscopy in GFP/actin expressing melanoma cells, we here employ time-resolved subcellular coregistration of cell morphology, interaction and alignment of actin-rich protrusions engaged with individual collagen fibrils. Using single fibril displacement as sensitive measure for force generated by the leading edge, we show how a dominant protrusion generates extension–retraction cycles transmitted through multiple actin-rich filopods that move along the scaffold in a hand-over-hand manner. The resulting traction force is oscillatory, occurs in parallel to cell elongation and, with maximum elongation reached, is followed by rear retraction and movement of the cell body. Combined live-cell fluorescence and reflection microscopy of the leading edge thus reveals step-wise caterpillar-like extension–retraction cycles that underlie mesenchymal migration in 3D tissue.     

Defective alterations in the collagen network to prostacyclin in COPD lung fibroblasts

Background

Prostacyclin analogs are potent vasodilators and possess anti-inflammatory properties. However, the effect of prostacyclin on extracellular matrix (ECM) in COPD is not well known. Collagen fibrils and proteoglycans are essential ECM components in the lung and fibroblasts are key players in regulating the homeostasis of ECM proteins. The aim was to study the synthesis of prostacyclin and its effect on fibroblast activity and ECM production, and in particular collagen I and the collagen-associated proteoglycans biglycan and decorin.

Methods

Parenchymal lung fibroblasts were isolated from lungs from COPD patients (GOLD stage IV) and from lungs and transbronchial biopsies from control subjects. The prostacyclin analog iloprost was used to study the effect of prostacyclin on ECM protein synthesis, migration, proliferation and contractile capacity of fibroblasts.

Results

TGF-β₁ stimulation significantly increased prostacyclin synthesis in fibroblasts from COPD patients (p < 0.01), but showed no effect on fibroblasts from control subjects. Collagen I synthesis was decreased by iloprost in both control and COPD fibroblasts (p < 0.05). Conversely, iloprost significantly altered biglycan and decorin synthesis in control fibroblasts, but iloprost displayed no effect on these proteoglycans in COPD fibroblasts. Proliferation rate was reduced (p < 0.05) and contractile capacity was increased in COPD fibroblasts (p < 0.05) compared to control fibroblasts. Iloprost decreased proliferative rate in control fibroblasts (p < 0.05), whereas iloprost attenuated contraction capacity in both COPD (p < 0.01) and control fibroblasts (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Iloprost reduced collagen I synthesis and fibroblast contractility but did not affect the collagen-associated proteoglycans or proliferation rate in fibroblasts from COPD patients. Enhanced prostacyclin production could lead to improper collagen network fibrillogenesis and a more emphysematous lung structure in severe COPD patients.     

Bark thickness determines fire resistance of selected tree species from fire-prone tropical savanna in north Australia

We investigated the fire resistance conferred by bark of seven common tree species in north Australian tropical savannas. We estimated bark thermal conductance and examined the relative importance of bark thickness, density and moisture content for protecting the cambium from lethal fire temperatures. Eucalypt and non-eucalypt species were contrasted, including the fire-sensitive conifer Callitris intratropica. Cambial temperature responses to bark surface heating were measured using a modified wick-fire technique, which simulated a heat pulse comparable to surface fires of moderate intensity. Bark thickness was a better predictor of resistance to cambial injury from fires than either bark moisture or density, accounting for 68% of the deviance in maximum temperature of the cambium. The duration of heating required to kill the cambium of a tree (τ_c) was directly proportional to bark thickness squared. Although species did not differ significantly in their bark thermal conductance (k), the thinner barked eucalypts nevertheless achieved similar or only slightly lower levels of fire resistance than much thicker barked non-eucalypts. Bark thickness alone cannot account for the latter and we suggest that lower bark moisture content among the eucalypts also contributes to their apparent fire resistance. Unique eucalypt meristem anatomy and epicormic structures, combined with their bark traits, probably facilitate resprouting after fire and ensure the dominance of eucalypts in fire-prone savannas. This study emphasises the need to take into account both the thermal properties of bark and the mechanism of bud protection in characterising the resprouting ability of savanna trees.     

Aqueous polymer two-phase systems formed by new thermoseparating polymers

A set of new polymers that can be used as phase forming components in aqueous two-phase systems is presented. All polymers studied have thermoseparating properties i.e. form one separate polymer enriched phase and one aqueous solution when heated above the critical temperature. This property makes the polymers attractive alternatives to the polymers used in traditional aqueous two-phase systems such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and dextran. The thermal phase separation simplifies recycling of the polymers, thus making the aqueous two-phase systems more cost efficient and suitable for use in large scale. Thermoseparating polymers studied have been copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide (EO-PO), poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (poly-NIPAM), poly vinyl caprolactam (poly-VCL) and copolymers of N-isopropylacrylamide and vinyl caprolactam with vinyl imidazole (poly(NIPAM-VI) and poly(VCL-VI), respectively). In addition, the copolymer poly(NIPAM-VI) has the property to be uncharged at pH above 7.0 and positively charged at lower pH. This allows the partitioning of protein to be directed by changing the pH in the system instead of the traditional addition of salt to direct the partitioning. Hydrophobically modified EO-PO copolymer (HM-(EO-PO)) with alkyl groups (C₁₄) at both ends forms two-phase system with for example poly(NIPAM-VI). The phase diagram for poly(NIPAM-VI)/HM-(EO-PO) was determined and the model proteins lysozyme and BSA were partitioned in this system. For BSA in poly(NIPAM-VI)/HM-(EO-PO) system a change in pH from 8.0 to 5.4 results in a change of partition coefficient from K=0.8 to K=5.1, i.e. BSA could be transferred from the HM-(EO-PO) phase to the poly(NIPAM-VI) phase. BSA partitioning in poly(NIPAM-VI)/HM-(EO-PO) system allows quantitative BSA recovery, and recoveries of poly(NIPAM-VI) and HM-(EO-PO) were 53% and 92%, respectively, after the thermoseparation step.     

Structure-dependent modulation of alpha interferon production by porcine circovirus 2 oligodeoxyribonucleotide and CpG DNAs in porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells

DNA sequences containing CpG motifs are recognized as immunomodulators in several species. Phosphodiester oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) representing sequences from the genome of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) have been identified as potent inducers (ODN PCV2/5) or inhibitors (ODN PCV2/1) of alpha interferon (IFN-alpha) production by porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (poPBMCs) in vitro. In this study, the IFN-alpha-inducing or -inhibitory activities of specific phosphodiester ODNs were demonstrated to be dependent on their ability to form secondary structures. When a poly(G) sequence was added to a stimulatory self-complementary ODN, high levels of IFN-alpha were elicited, and the induction was not dependent on pretreatment with the transfecting agent Lipofectin. In addition, the IFN-alpha-inducing ODN required the presence of an intact CpG dinucleotide, whereas the inhibitory activity of ODN PCV2/1 was not affected by methylation or removal of the central CpG dinucleotide. Of particular significance, the IFN-alpha inhibition elicited by ODN PCV2/1 was only effective against induction stimulated by DNA control inducers and not RNA control inducers, indicating activity directed to TLR9 signaling. The PCV2 genome as a whole was demonstrated to induce IFN-alpha in cultures of poPBMCs, and the presence of immune modulatory sequences within the genome of PCV2 may, therefore, have implications with regard to the immune evasion mechanisms utilized by PCV2.     

Structural and functional insights into the molecular mechanism of rRNA m6A methyltransferase RlmJ

RlmJ catalyzes the m⁶A2030 methylation of 23S rRNA during ribosome biogenesis in Escherichia coli. Here, we present crystal structures of RlmJ in apo form, in complex with the cofactor S-adenosyl-methionine and in complex with S-adenosyl-homocysteine plus the substrate analogue adenosine monophosphate (AMP). RlmJ displays a variant of the Rossmann-like methyltransferase (MTase) fold with an inserted helical subdomain. Binding of cofactor and substrate induces a large shift of the N-terminal motif X tail to make it cover the cofactor binding site and trigger active-site changes in motifs IV and VIII. Adenosine monophosphate binds in a partly accommodated state with the target N6 atom 7 Å away from the sulphur of AdoHcy. The active site of RlmJ with motif IV sequence ₁₆₄DPPY₁₆₇ is more similar to DNA m⁶A MTases than to RNA m⁶₂A MTases, and structural comparison suggests that RlmJ binds its substrate base similarly to DNA MTases T4Dam and M.TaqI. RlmJ methylates in vitro transcribed 23S rRNA, as well as a minimal substrate corresponding to helix 72, demonstrating independence of previous modifications and tertiary interactions in the RNA substrate. RlmJ displays specificity for adenosine, and mutagenesis experiments demonstrate the critical roles of residues Y4, H6, K18 and D164 in methyl transfer.