A single amino acid change in the plant alternative oxidase alters the specificity of organic acid activation.

The alternative oxidase is a quinol oxidase of the respiratory chain of plants and some fungi and protists. Its activity is regulated by redox-sensitive disulphide bond formation between neighbouring subunits and direct interaction with certain alpha-ketoacids. To investigate these regulatory mechanisms, we undertook site-directed mutagenesis of soybean and Arabidopsis alternative oxidase cDNAs, and expressed them in tobacco plants and Escherichia coli, respectively. The homologous C99 and C127 residues of GmAOX3 and AtAOX1a, respectively, were changed to serine. In the plant system, this substitution prevented oxidative inactivation of alternative oxidase and rendered the protein insensitive to pyruvate activation, in agreement with the recent results from other laboratories [Rhoads et al. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 30750-30756; Vanlerberghe et al. (1998) Plant Cell 10, 1551-1560]. However, the mutated protein is instead activated specifically by succinate. Measurements of AtAOX1a activity in bacterial membranes lacking succinate dehydrogenase confirmed that the stimulation of the mutant protein's activity by succinate did not involve its metabolism. Examples of alternative oxidase proteins with the C to S substitution occur in nature and these oxidases are expected to be activated under most conditions in vivo, with implications for the efficiency of respiration in the tissues which express them.     

Characteristic features of electron-ion collisions in strong electric fields

The classical motion of an electron in the Coulomb field of an ion and in a uniform external electric field is analyzed. A nondimensionalization method that makes it possible to study electron motion in arbitrarily strong electric fields is proposed. The possible electron trajectories in the plane of motion in a static field are classified. It is noted that, from a practical standpoint, the most interesting trajectories are snakelike trajectories, which are absent in the problem with a weak external field. An adiabatic approximation for transverse electron motions in quasistatic (strong) fields is constructed. A one-dimensional equation of motion is derived that accounts for transverse electron oscillations and the increase in the effective electron mass as an electron approaches an ion. An analytic model is used to calculate the spectra of bremsstrahlung generated by individual electrons. The calculated results are shown to agree well with the results of direct numerical integration of the basic equations. It is predicted that, at frequencies higher than the frequency of the incident light, pronounced peaks can appear in the spectrum of the transverse dipole moment of an electron; as a result, an electron is expected to effectively emit radiation at these frequencies in the direction of the external field.     

Inflammation markers in the serum of salt miners

The inflammation markers alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT), Clara cell protein (CC-16), soluble interleukin-2-receptor (IL-R) and the soluble adhesion molecule E-selectin, the intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) and the vascular adhesion molecule (VCAM-1) were determined in the serum of 195 salt-exposed miners to analyse dose-response relationships between markers and potash dust. Alpha-1-antitrypsin, Clara-cell protein, IL2-R, E-selectin and VCAM-1 were not changed by salt exposure, however the ICAM-1 level in the serum fell slightly as the salt exposure increased. This effect was strongest in the group of smokers, still visible in the group of ex-smokers, no effect was seen in non-smokers. Markers, with the exception of VCAM-1, were influenced by tobacco exposure. Since markers were not elevated in relation to salt dust exposure, the results do not support an inflammatory effect of potash dust on the respiratory system.     

Human bleomycin hydrolase regulates the secretion of amyloid precursor protein.

Human bleomycin hydrolase (hBH) is a neutral cysteine protease genetically associated with increased risk for Alzheimer disease. We show here that ectopic expression of hBH in 293APPwt and CHOAPPsw cells altered the processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and increased significantly the release of its proteolytic fragment, beta amyloid (Abeta). We also found that hBH interacted and colocalized with APP as determined by subcellular fractionation, in vitro binding assay, and confocal immunolocalization. Metabolic labeling and pulse-chase experiments showed that ectopic hBH expression increased secretion of soluble APPalpha/beta products without changing the half-life of cellular APP. We also observed that this increased Abeta secretion was independent of hBH isoforms. Our findings suggest a regulatory role for hBH in APP processing pathways.     

Generation of mutants of a strain producing the new antibiotic batumin by means of transposon mutagenesis

Various plasmids carrying transposon Tn5 were used to generate insertion mutants synthesizing batumin, a unique antibiotic with a selective antistaphylococcal effect. One of the plasmids used provided a sufficient yield of the clones in question. An analysis of over 7000 clones allowed us to select the mutant clones with increased and decreased levels of batumin synthesis and the mutants that lost the ability to synthesize this antibiotic.     

Nucleotide sequence of psbQ gene for 16-kDa protein of oxygen-evolving complex from Arabidopsis thaliana and regulation of its expression.

The psbQ gene encoding a 16-kDa polypeptide of the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II has been isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana and characterized. The gene consists of a 28 nucleotide long leader sequence, two introns and three exons encoding a 223-amino-acid precursor polypeptide. The first 75 amino acids act as a transit peptide for the translocation of the polypeptide into the thylakoid lumen. Expression studies show that the gene is light-inducible and expresses only in green tissues with high steady-state mRNA levels in leaves. Using this gene as a probe, restriction fragment length polymorphism between two ecotypes, Columbia and Estland, has also been detected.     

Evolution of green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a molecular supermatrix approach

We present a time‐calibrated phylogeny of the charismatic green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Previous phylogenetic studies on the family using DNA sequences have suffered from sparse taxon sampling and/or limited amounts of data. Here we combine all available previously published DNA sequence data and add to it new DNA sequences generated for this study. We analysed these data in a supermatrix using Bayesian and maximum likelihood methods and provide a phylogenetic hypothesis for the family that recovers strong support for the monophyly of all subfamilies and resolves relationships among a large proportion of chrysopine genera. Chrysopinae tribes Leucochrysini and Belonopterygini were recovered as monophyletic sister clades, while the species‐rich tribe Chrysopini was rendered paraphyletic by Ankylopterygini. Relationships among the subfamilies were resolved, although with relatively low statistical support, and the topology varied based on the method of analysis. Greatest support was found for Apochrysinae as sister to Nothochrysinae and Chrysopinae, which is in contrast to traditional concepts that place Nothochrysinae as sister to the rest of the family. Divergence estimates suggest that the stem groups to the various subfamilies diverged during the Triassic‐Jurassic, and that stem groups of the chrysopine tribes diverged during the Cretaceous.     

Diagnostic importance of determining leucine aminotransferase activity in acute pancreatitis

It has been experimentally and clinically established that the determination of leucine-aminotransferase activity in the blood serum and abdominal exudate may serve as a marker for the early determination of pancreonecrosis and edematous (serous) pancreatitis.