全文获取类型
收费全文 | 7689篇 |
免费 | 578篇 |
国内免费 | 1篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 51篇 |
2022年 | 95篇 |
2021年 | 161篇 |
2020年 | 148篇 |
2019年 | 159篇 |
2018年 | 207篇 |
2017年 | 195篇 |
2016年 | 282篇 |
2015年 | 436篇 |
2014年 | 415篇 |
2013年 | 541篇 |
2012年 | 613篇 |
2011年 | 591篇 |
2010年 | 418篇 |
2009年 | 366篇 |
2008年 | 440篇 |
2007年 | 445篇 |
2006年 | 454篇 |
2005年 | 381篇 |
2004年 | 357篇 |
2003年 | 308篇 |
2002年 | 287篇 |
2001年 | 75篇 |
2000年 | 70篇 |
1999年 | 79篇 |
1998年 | 69篇 |
1997年 | 61篇 |
1996年 | 40篇 |
1995年 | 50篇 |
1994年 | 35篇 |
1993年 | 41篇 |
1992年 | 25篇 |
1991年 | 32篇 |
1990年 | 31篇 |
1989年 | 20篇 |
1988年 | 18篇 |
1987年 | 23篇 |
1986年 | 18篇 |
1985年 | 24篇 |
1984年 | 25篇 |
1983年 | 24篇 |
1982年 | 19篇 |
1981年 | 19篇 |
1980年 | 11篇 |
1979年 | 9篇 |
1977年 | 15篇 |
1976年 | 10篇 |
1975年 | 11篇 |
1974年 | 13篇 |
1973年 | 11篇 |
排序方式: 共有8268条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
991.
992.
Francisco J. Román‐Dañobeytia Samuel I. Levy‐Tacher James Aronson Ricardo Ribeiro Rodrigues Jorge Castellanos‐Albores 《Restoration Ecology》2012,20(3):378-386
The rainforest of Mexico has been degraded and severely fragmented, and urgently require restoration. However, the practice of restoration has been limited by the lack of species‐specific data on survival and growth responses to local environmental variation. This study explores the differential performance of 14 wet tropical early‐, mid‐ or late‐successional tree species that were grown in two abandoned pastures with contrasting land‐use histories. After 18 months, seedling survival and growth of at least 7 of the 14 tree species studied were significantly higher in the site with a much longer history of land use (site 2). Saplings of the three early‐successional species showed exceptional growth rates. However, differences in performance were noted in relation to the differential soil properties between the experimental sites. Mid‐successional species generally showed slow growth rates but high seedling survival, whereas late‐successional species exhibited poor seedling survival at both the study sites. Stepwise linear regressions revealed that the species integrated response index combining survivorship and growth measurements, was influenced mostly by differences in soil pH between the two abandoned pastures. Our results suggest that local environmental variation among abandoned pastures of contrasting land‐use histories influences sapling survival and growth. Furthermore, the similarity of responses among species with the same successional status allowed us to make some preliminary site and species‐specific silvicultural recommendations. Future field experiments should extend the number of species and the range of environmental conditions to identify site “generalists” or more narrowly adapted species, that we would call “sensitive.” 相似文献
993.
Zuniga JM Housh TJ Camic CL Hendrix CR Mielke M Johnson GO Housh DJ Schmidt RJ 《Journal of strength and conditioning research / National Strength & Conditioning Association》2012,26(6):1651-1656
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 7 days of supplementation with 20 g·d?1 of creatine monohydrate (CM) on mean power (MP) and peak power (PP) from the Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT), body weight (BW), 1-repetition maximum (1RM) bilateral leg extension (LE) strength, and 1RM bench press (BP) strength. This study used a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design. Twenty-two men (mean ± SD: age = 22.1 ± 2.0 years; height = 178.0 ± 5.8 cm; body weight [BW] = 77.6 ± 7.6 kg) were randomly assigned to either a supplement (SUPP; n = 10) or placebo (PLAC; n = 12) group. The SUPP group ingested 20 g·d?1 of CM powder for 7 days, whereas the PLAC ingested 20 g·d?1 of maltodextrin powder. Measurements for the PLAC and SUPP groups included BW, PP, and MP from two 30-second WAnTs (separated by 7 minutes), and 1RM strength for LE and BP. Testing was conducted before (PRE) and after (POST) 7 days of ingesting either the supplement or placebo. The results of this study indicated that there was a significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase from PRE to POST testing in MP for the SUPP group (5.4%) but not for the PLAC group (-0.3%). There were no between-group differences, however, for 1RM LE and 1RM BP strength. Furthermore, there were no changes in PP or BW for either group. The findings of this study indicated that loading with 20 g·d?1 of CM for 7 days increased MP (5.4% increase) from the WAnT, but it had no effect on strength (1RM LE and 1RM BP), PP, or BW. 相似文献
994.
Colado JC Garcia-Masso X Triplett TN Flandez J Borreani S Tella V 《Journal of strength and conditioning research / National Strength & Conditioning Association》2012,26(11):3018-3024
ABSTRACT: Colado JC, Garcia-Masso X, Triplett TN, Flandez J, Borreani S, Tella V. Concurrent validation of the OMNI-Resistance Exercise Scale of perceived exertion with Thera-Band resistance bands. J Strength Cond Res 26(11): 3018-3024, 2012-The concurrent validity of the OMNI-Resistance Exercise Scale (OMNI-RES) of perceived exertion for use with elastic bands was studied during isotonic resistance exercises. Twenty healthy, physically active subjects completed both familiarization and testing sessions. The criterion variables were myoelectric activity, recorded by electromyography, and heart rate, recorded by a heart rate monitor. The subjects performed 2 separate sets of 15 repetitions in each of the 2 testing sessions and for each of the exercises applied (i.e., frontal and lateral raises). One set was carried out with the separation between the hands gripping the elastic band allowing that 15 repetition maximum to be performed in the selected exercise, whereas the other set was carried out with the separation between hands at +50% of the previous grip. The perceived exertion rating for the active muscles and for the overall body, muscular activity, and heart rate were measured during the final repetition of each set. The results showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.001) in myoelectric activity, heart rate, and OMNI-RES scores between the low- and high-intensity sets and the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.72-0.76. So it can be concluded that the OMNI-RES can be used for monitoring the intensity of exercises when elastic bands are used. This would allow the training stimulus dosage to be precisely controlled in both the session in progress and between different sessions, and allowing to differentiate between different levels of intensity according to the physical aptitudes and special physiological needs of the subjects. 相似文献
995.
Fernandes AS Costa J Gaspar J Rueff J Cabral MF Cipriano M Castro M Oliveira NG 《Free radical research》2012,46(9):1157-1166
The unique redox and catalytic chemistry of Cu has justified the development of novel Cu complexes for different therapeutic uses including cancer therapy. In this work, four pyridine-containing aza-macrocyclic copper(II) complexes were prepared (CuL1-CuL4) varying in ring size and/or substituents and their superoxide scavenging activity evaluated. CuL3, the most active superoxide scavenger, was further studied as a modulator of the cytotoxicity of oxaliplatin in epithelial breast MCF10A cells and in MCF7 breast cancer cells. Our results show that CuL3 enhances the therapeutic window of oxaliplatin, by both protecting non-tumour cells and increasing its cytotoxic effect in breast carcinoma cells. CuL3 is thus a promising complex to be further studied and to be used as a lead compound for the optimization of novel chemotherapy sensitizers. 相似文献
996.
Cunha D Amaro C Vieira MR Martins Mda L Maduro AP Inácio J Afonso A Pinto GM Cardoso J 《Revista iberoamericana de micología》2012,29(1):44-46
The genus Alternaria is one of the most common black moulds and appears to be increasing as a causative agent of subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis, particularly among immunosuppressed patients. A 53-year-old patient who had received a kidney transplant presented with multiple verrucous lesions on the distal extremities. Positive histopathology and cultures, in addition to rDNA ITS region sequencing, identified the fungal isolate as Alternaria infectoria. Oral itraconazole was administered for 10 months. A follow-up at 15 months demonstrated no signs of infection. Clinical manifestations of cutaneous alternariosis vary significantly and only a few cases have been described in the literature. Although optimal treatment options remain controversial, this case of phaeohyphomycosis was successfully treated with itraconazole monotherapy. 相似文献
997.
Rodolfo Valdés Andrés Tamayo Marcos González Sigifredo Padilla Déborah Geada William Ferro Lorely Milá Leonardo Gómez Rosario Alemán Alberto Leyva Cristina García Otto Mendoza Tatiana Alvarez Lamay Dorta Yanet Villega Dobián Cecilia Hasel Aragón Tatiana González Maylín La O Jorge López 《Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering》2012,17(1):145-159
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) production methods (ascites, in vitro technologies, transgenic animals, and dicot or monocot transgenic plants; moss, algae) have been improved since they were first developed in 1975. In this study, we illustrate a summary of a study case in which mice, a hollow fiber system, and tobacco transgenic plants were assessed for the production of mAb for vaccine manufacturing and vaccine production. 相似文献
998.
999.
NL Gutiérrez SR Valencia TA Branch DJ Agnew JK Baum PL Bianchi J Cornejo-Donoso C Costello O Defeo TE Essington R Hilborn DD Hoggarth AE Larsen C Ninnes K Sainsbury RL Selden S Sistla AD Smith A Stern-Pirlot SJ Teck JT Thorson NE Williams 《PloS one》2012,7(8):e43765
Concerns over fishing impacts on marine populations and ecosystems have intensified the need to improve ocean management. One increasingly popular market-based instrument for ecological stewardship is the use of certification and eco-labeling programs to highlight sustainable fisheries with low environmental impacts. The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) is the most prominent of these programs. Despite widespread discussions about the rigor of the MSC standards, no comprehensive analysis of the performance of MSC-certified fish stocks has yet been conducted. We compared status and abundance trends of 45 certified stocks with those of 179 uncertified stocks, finding that 74% of certified fisheries were above biomass levels that would produce maximum sustainable yield, compared with only 44% of uncertified fisheries. On average, the biomass of certified stocks increased by 46% over the past 10 years, whereas uncertified fisheries increased by just 9%. As part of the MSC process, fisheries initially go through a confidential pre-assessment process. When certified fisheries are compared with those that decline to pursue full certification after pre-assessment, certified stocks had much lower mean exploitation rates (67% of the rate producing maximum sustainable yield vs. 92% for those declining to pursue certification), allowing for more sustainable harvesting and in many cases biomass rebuilding. From a consumer's point of view this means that MSC-certified seafood is 3-5 times less likely to be subject to harmful fishing than uncertified seafood. Thus, MSC-certification accurately identifies healthy fish stocks and conveys reliable information on stock status to seafood consumers. 相似文献
1000.
By combining evolutionary game theory and graph theory, "games on graphs" study the evolutionary dynamics of frequency-dependent selection in population structures modeled as geographical or social networks. Networks are usually represented by means of unipartite graphs, and social interactions by two-person games such as the famous prisoner's dilemma. Unipartite graphs have also been used for modeling interactions going beyond pairwise interactions. In this paper, we argue that bipartite graphs are a better alternative to unipartite graphs for describing population structures in evolutionary multiplayer games. To illustrate this point, we make use of bipartite graphs to investigate, by means of computer simulations, the evolution of cooperation under the conventional and the distributed N-person prisoner's dilemma. We show that several implicit assumptions arising from the standard approach based on unipartite graphs (such as the definition of replacement neighborhoods, the intertwining of individual and group diversity, and the large overlap of interaction neighborhoods) can have a large impact on the resulting evolutionary dynamics. Our work provides a clear example of the importance of construction procedures in games on graphs, of the suitability of bigraphs and hypergraphs for computational modeling, and of the importance of concepts from social network analysis such as centrality, centralization and bipartite clustering for the understanding of dynamical processes occurring on networked population structures. 相似文献