全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3669篇 |
免费 | 291篇 |
国内免费 | 17篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 33篇 |
2022年 | 36篇 |
2021年 | 79篇 |
2020年 | 57篇 |
2019年 | 68篇 |
2018年 | 92篇 |
2017年 | 95篇 |
2016年 | 121篇 |
2015年 | 198篇 |
2014年 | 196篇 |
2013年 | 238篇 |
2012年 | 299篇 |
2011年 | 250篇 |
2010年 | 170篇 |
2009年 | 151篇 |
2008年 | 188篇 |
2007年 | 172篇 |
2006年 | 184篇 |
2005年 | 171篇 |
2004年 | 145篇 |
2003年 | 152篇 |
2002年 | 131篇 |
2001年 | 73篇 |
2000年 | 66篇 |
1999年 | 49篇 |
1998年 | 38篇 |
1997年 | 30篇 |
1996年 | 20篇 |
1995年 | 35篇 |
1994年 | 21篇 |
1993年 | 27篇 |
1992年 | 39篇 |
1991年 | 36篇 |
1990年 | 41篇 |
1989年 | 30篇 |
1988年 | 35篇 |
1987年 | 28篇 |
1986年 | 18篇 |
1985年 | 14篇 |
1983年 | 7篇 |
1982年 | 9篇 |
1979年 | 13篇 |
1978年 | 12篇 |
1976年 | 7篇 |
1974年 | 9篇 |
1973年 | 8篇 |
1972年 | 14篇 |
1968年 | 6篇 |
1967年 | 9篇 |
1965年 | 7篇 |
排序方式: 共有3977条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
51.
Martina Ferraguti Sergio Magallanes Jéssica Jiménez-Peñuela Josué Martínez-de la Puente Luz Garcia-Longoria Jordi Figuerola Jaime Muriel Tamer Albayrak Staffan Bensch Camille Bonneaud Rohan H. Clarke Gábor Á. Czirják Dimitar Dimitrov Kathya Espinoza John G. Ewen Farah Ishtiaq Wendy Flores-Saavedra László Zsolt Garamszegi Olof Hellgren Dita Horakova Kathryn P. Huyvaert Henrik Jensen Asta Križanauskienė Marcos R. Lima Charlene Lujan-Vega Eyðfinn Magnussen Lynn B. Martin Kevin D. Matson Anders Pape Møller Pavel Munclinger Vaidas Palinauskas Péter L. Pap Javier Pérez-Tris Swen C. Renner Robert Ricklefs Sergio Scebba Ravinder N. M. Sehgal Manuel Soler Eszter Szöllősi Gediminas Valkiūnas Helena Westerdahl Pavel Zehtindjiev Alfonso Marzal 《Global Ecology and Biogeography》2023,32(5):809-823
Aim
The increasing spread of vector-borne diseases has resulted in severe health concerns for humans, domestic animals and wildlife, with changes in land use and the introduction of invasive species being among the main possible causes for this increase. We explored several ecological drivers potentially affecting the local prevalence and richness of avian malaria parasite lineages in native and introduced house sparrows (Passer domesticus) populations.Location
Global.Time period
2002–2019.Major taxa studied
Avian Plasmodium parasites in house sparrows.Methods
We analysed data from 2,220 samples from 69 localities across all continents, except Antarctica. The influence of environment (urbanization index and human density), geography (altitude, latitude, hemisphere) and time (bird breeding season and years since introduction) were analysed using generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs) and random forests.Results
Overall, 670 sparrows (30.2%) were infected with 22 Plasmodium lineages. In native populations, parasite prevalence was positively related to urbanization index, with the highest prevalence values in areas with intermediate urbanization levels. Likewise, in introduced populations, prevalence was positively associated with urbanization index; however, higher infection occurred in areas with either extreme high or low levels of urbanization. In introduced populations, the number of parasite lineages increased with altitude and with the years elapsed since the establishment of sparrows in a new locality. Here, after a decline in the number of parasite lineages in the first 30 years, an increase from 40 years onwards was detected.Main conclusions
Urbanization was related to parasite prevalence in both native and introduced bird populations. In invaded areas, altitude and time since bird introduction were related to the number of Plasmodium lineages found to be infecting sparrows. 相似文献52.
Bo Damgaard Anna Sanfeliu Jordi Joan Cairó Carles Casas Carles Solà Francesc Gòdia 《Cytotechnology》1993,11(2):133-141
KB-26.5, a murine hybridoma cell line producing an IgG3 monoclonal antibody used in blood type determination, primarily adapted to grow at 5% foetal calf serum (FCS) concentration has been adapted to grow at 0.5% FCS, maintaining its ability to produce antibodies at the same level. In the final step of adaptation, the addition of insulin, transferrin, ethanolamine and selenium to the media formulation was studied, using factorial assay techniques to check the effect of the different compounds and to optimize their required level for satisfactory growth and antibody secretion. KB-26.5 cells required only 20 g/ml of transferrin to adapt to 0.5% FCS medium. Furthermore, transferrin could be substituted by FeCl3, at a relatively low level of 2 g/ml. Maximum cell density decreased by 31.5% in spinner flask test, but the antibody titer was maintained, thus the specific productivity increased. However, inoculum size had to be increased three-fold with 0.5% FCS medium in order to assure cell growth. 相似文献
53.
Shao-Jun Ling Xiao-Lan Yao Juli Caujapé-Castells Jordi López-Pujol Ke Tan Ming-Xun Ren 《植物分类学报:英文版》2023,61(6):1020-1035
Disjunct distribution is a key issue in biogeography and ecology, but it is often difficult to determine the relative roles of dispersal vs. vicariance in disjunctions. We studied the phylogeographic pattern of the monotypic Conandron ramondioides (Gesneriaceae), which shows Sino-Japanese disjunctions, with ddRAD sequencing based on a comprehensive sampling of 11 populations from mainland China, Taiwan Island, and Japan. We found a very high degree of genetic differentiation among these three regions, with very limited gene flow and a clear Isolation by Distance pattern. Mainland China and Japan clades diverged first from a widespread ancestral population in the middle Miocene, followed by a later divergence between mainland China and Taiwan Island clades in the early Pliocene. Three current groups have survived in various glacial refugia during the Last Glacial Maximum, and experienced contraction and/or bottlenecks since their divergence during Quaternary glacial cycles, with strong niche divergence between mainland China + Japan and Taiwan Island ranges. Thus, we verified a predominant role of vicariance in the current disjunction of the monotypic genus Conandron. The sharp phylogenetic separation, ecological niche divergence among these three groups, and the great number of private alleles in all populations sampled indicated a considerable time of independent evolution, and suggests the need for a taxonomic survey to detect potentially overlooked taxa. 相似文献
54.
Ernesto Nicolás Jordi Bacardit Tina Ferrer Ernest Giralt 《Letters in Peptide Science》1996,2(6):353-362
Summary Short peptides spanning the helicoidal sequences of the uteroglobin monomer (crystal forms P21 and C2221) were synthesized and studied by circular dichroism spectroscopy. None of them showed any secondary structure in the absence of HFIP. However, most peptides achieved a helical conformation when this structuring agent was used, with the exception of the analogue corresponding to the helicoidal fragment 19–24 (helix II, crystal P21). These results indicate that other factors, such as interchain interactions, have to contribute to helix stabilization in the molecule. On the other hand, while peptides corresponding to N- and C-terminal fragments that contain the first and fourth helices of the monomer, respectively (1–14 and 48–70) achieved a -like structure when 10–15% of HFIP was used, this behaviour was not observed when TFE was used. Moreover, substitution of cysteine by -aminobutyric acid at position 3 increased both the helicity of fragment 1–14 and its ability to adopt a -like structure, but the opposite effect was observed for fragment 48–70 when -aminobutyric acid was introduced at position 69. These results indicate that this part of the protein might be sensitive to the chemical environment it is exposed to and that the two cysteine residues at positions 3 and 69 of the monomer could play a different role in the folding process. 相似文献
55.
56.
Properties of a Large Complex with NADH Dehydrogenase Activity from Barley Thylakoids 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Cuello Juan; Quiles Maria Jose; Albacete Maria Eugenia; Sabater Bartolome 《Plant & cell physiology》1995,36(2):265-271
When assays for NAD(P)H-ferricyanide oxidoreductases were performed,activities specific for NADH (0.23 unit (mg protein)1)and NADPH (0.68 unit (mg protein)1) were detected inchloroplasts isolated from leaves of barley (Hordeum vulgareL.). Activities of chloroplast NADH- and NADPH-ferricyanideoxidoreductase were 5-fold and 25-fold higher, respectively,than the maximum activity that could be attributed to mitochondrialcontamination. Moreover, most of the chloroplast NADH-ferricyanideoxidoreductase (60 to 80%) was solubilized by deoxycholate (DOC)from thylakoids as a single, high-molecular-mass complex thatwas distinguishable from the mitochondrial complex by its lowerelectrophoretic mobility in 3% polyacrylamide, as revealed byreduction of nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) in the presence ofNADH or NADPH on gels after electrophoresis. The stroma yieldeda single band of a dehydrogenase (66 kDa) that used NADH asits electron donor. Several NADPH-dependent activities weredetected after electrophoresis of the stromal fraction. Moreover,chloroplast-specific activities could be distinguished frommitochondrial activities on the basis of the specificity ofthe donor and the acceptor of electrons, the dependence of theactivities on pH, and the sensitivity to various inhibitors.Km values for NADH (26 µM) and NADPH (75 µM) werein the same range as those of mitochondrial activities. Mostof the NADPH-dependent activity probably corresponds to thechloroplast ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase. The possibilityis discussed that thylakoid NADH dehydrogenase(s) might be theproduct of chloroplast ndh genes and that this activity is involvedin chlororespiration. (Received April 25, 1994; Accepted December 5, 1994) 相似文献
57.
Assumpció Bosch Stefan Wiemann Jordi Guimerá Wilhelm Ansorge David Patterson Xavier Estivill 《Human genetics》1995,95(1):119-122
Five clones, containing polymorphic CA-repeat sequences, have been isolated from a specific human chromosome 21 phage library and have been localised to band q21 of chromosome 21 using a somatic cell hybrid panel. These highly repetitive sequences (D21S1263, D21S1264, D21S1415, D21S1417 and D21S1420) have been characterised in the CEPH reference parents and have heterozygosities ranging from 0.30 to 0.81 and an average polymorphism information content (PIC) of 0.62. The relative order of these markers, based on the somatic cell hybrid panel, is cen-D21S1417, D21S1420-D21S1263, D21S1415-D21S1264-tel. The most polymorphic marker (D21S1264) has been included in the chromosome 21 genetic map. They have also been localised in the CEPH/ Généthon YAC panel, providing a refined localisation of these polymorphic sequences. These five CA-repeat markers should provide a better characterisation of the q21 region of chromosome 21. 相似文献
58.
J F Sabater A Amador J Perales 《Acta microbiologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae》1979,26(4):345-349
Nineteen enzyme activities were investigated in 15 species of rapidly growing scotochromogenic mycobacteria, employing the ZIM API system is substrate. With this system, the time of identificaiion is reduced from two weeks to four hours. 相似文献
59.
60.
Angel López Piñeiro Enrique Saiz 《International journal of biological macromolecules》1983,5(1):37-41
The Rotational Isomeric States model is applied to calculate dipole moments of polypeptides of the twenty natural α-amino acids in the random coil state. Dipole moments of each repeat unit (μi), are evaluated using a quantum mechanics procedure. Dipole moment ratios () of homopolypeptides are calculated and extrapolated to x →?. With a few exceptions, D? = 0.36 ± 0.1. Ten actual proteins and three enzymes are also studied; their dipole ratios (Dx′ =〈μ〉/x) range from 7.34 to 10.57 in 10?59 C2 m2 (6.6–9.5 D2). Diffferences in the values of Dx′ are due mainly to the different contributions, μi, of the amino acid residues contained in each polymer, whereas the sequence of amino acids has a very minor effect. 相似文献