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141.
China is among the world's richest countries in terms of plant biodiversity. Besides the abundant flora, containing some 33,000
vascular plants (30,000 angiosperms, 250 gymnosperms, and 2600 pteridophytes), there is extraordinary ecosystem diversity,
as well as a large pool of both wild and cultivated germplasms. China is also considered one of the main centers of origin
and diversification for seed plants on Earth, and is especially profuse in phylogenetically primitive taxa and/or paleoendemics
due to the refuge role glaciation played during the Quaternary period. The collision with the Indian subcontinent significantly
enriched Chinese flora and led to the formation of many neoendemisms. However, flora distribution remains uneven, and some
local floristic hotspots are found across China, such as Yunnan, Sichuan and Taiwan. Unfortunately, this biodiversity faces
enormous threats, which have increased substantially over the last 50 years. The combined effects of habitat destruction and/or
fragmentation, environmental contamination, over-exploitation of natural resources, and to a lesser extent, introduction of
exotic species, have caused irreparable damage to China's plant biodiversity. Burgeoning economic and population growth have
also contributed to this deterioration. It is believed that up to 5000 flora species are currently endangered in China, with
some taxa having already become extinct. Although in recent years government authorities have made some efforts to preserve
biodiversity, much work remains to be done. While China has established an extensive network of nature reserves and protected
areas, encompassing more than 16% of the total land area, insufficient budgetary and staffing commitments are common limitations
in their management structures. Ex-situ conservation is also deficient, primarily because the botanical gardens are not representative of several local floras, nor
are they often of adequate size or representative of endangered species. The lack of effective and efficient environmental
legislation and education are also problems that continue to accelerate the loss of plant biodiversity in China. 相似文献
142.
Endogenous circadian rhythms in pigment composition induce changes in photochemical efficiency in plant canopies 下载免费PDF全文
José Ignacio García‐Plazaola Beatriz Fernández‐Marín Juan Pedro Ferrio Josu G. Alday Günter Hoch Damien Landais Alexandru Milcu David T. Tissue Jordi Voltas Arthur Gessler Jacques Roy Víctor Resco de Dios 《Plant, cell & environment》2017,40(7):1153-1162
There is increasing evidence that the circadian clock is a significant driver of photosynthesis that becomes apparent when environmental cues are experimentally held constant. We studied whether the composition of photosynthetic pigments is under circadian regulation, and whether pigment oscillations lead to rhythmic changes in photochemical efficiency. To address these questions, we maintained canopies of bean and cotton, after an entrainment phase, under constant (light or darkness) conditions for 30–48 h. Photosynthesis and quantum yield peaked at subjective noon, and non‐photochemical quenching peaked at night. These oscillations were not associated with parallel changes in carbohydrate content or xanthophyll cycle activity. We observed robust oscillations of Chl a/b during constant light in both species, and also under constant darkness in bean, peaking when it would have been night during the entrainment (subjective nights). These oscillations could be attributed to the synthesis and/or degradation of trimeric light‐harvesting complex II (reflected by the rhythmic changes in Chl a/b), with the antenna size minimal at night and maximal around subjective noon. Considering together the oscillations of pigments and photochemistry, the observed pattern of changes is counterintuitive if we assume that the plant strategy is to avoid photodamage, but consistent with a strategy where non‐stressed plants maximize photosynthesis. 相似文献
143.
Gibberellin A1 metabolism contributes to the control of photoperiod-mediated tuberization in potato 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Some potato species require a short-day (SD) photoperiod for tuberization, a process that is negatively affected by gibberellins (GAs). Here we report the isolation of StGA3ox2, a gene encoding a GA 3-oxidase, whose expression is increased in the aerial parts and is repressed in the stolons after transfer of photoperiod-dependent potato plants to SD conditions. Over-expression of StGA3ox2 under control of constitutive or leaf-specific promoters results in taller plants which, in contrast to StGA20ox1 over-expressers previously reported, tuberize earlier under SD conditions than the controls. By contrast, StGA3ox2 tuber-specific over-expression results in non-elongated plants with slightly delayed tuber induction. Together, our experiments support that StGA3ox2 expression and gibberellin metabolism significantly contribute to the tuberization time in strictly photoperiod-dependent potato plants. 相似文献
144.
Michael Stöcker Garcia-Mas Jordi Pere Arús Ramon Messeguer Pere Puigdomènech 《Plant molecular biology》1993,22(5):913-916
The sequence of an -tubulin from Prunus amygdalus has been obtained by cDNA cloning. When this sequence is compared to that of the Tub1 gene from maize it shows a very high degree of similarity, much higher than any of the -tubulin sequences reported so far from plants. The expression of this gene is high in the stages of seed development where a high divisional activity is present. It is preferentially expressed in the radicular tissues as it is gene Tub1 in maize. Southern analysis indicates that this gene may from a subfamily of -tubulin genes having similar sequence and tissue specificity and existing at least in maize and in Prunus. 相似文献
145.
Leire Aguinagalde Bruno Corsini Arnau Domenech Mirian Domenech Jordi Cámara Carmen Ardanuy Ernesto García Josefina Li?ares Asunción Fenoll Jose Yuste 《PloS one》2015,10(9)
Capsular switching allows pre-existing clones of Streptococcus pneumoniae expressing vaccine serotypes to escape the vaccine-induced immunity by acquisition of capsular genes from pneumococci of a non-vaccine serotype. Here, we have analysed the clonal composition of 492 clinical isolates of serotype 11A causing invasive disease in Spain (2000–2012), and their ability to evade the host immune response. Antibiograms, serotyping and molecular typing were performed. The restriction profiles of pbp2x, pbp1a and pbp2b genes were also analysed. Interaction with the complement components C1q, C3b, C4BP, and factor H was explored whereas opsonophagocytosis assays were performed using a human cell line differentiated to neutrophils. Biofilm formation and the polymorphisms of the major autolysin LytA were evaluated. The main genotypes of the 11A pneumococci were: ST62 (447 isolates, 90.6%), followed by ST6521 (35 isolates, 7.3%) and ST838 (10 isolates, 2.1%). Beta lactam resistant serotype 11A variants of genotypes ST838 and ST6521 closely related to the Spain9V-ST156 clone were first detected in 2005. A different pattern of evasion of complement immunity and phagocytosis was observed between genotypes. The emergence of one vaccine escape variant of Spain9V-ST156 (ST652111A), showing a high potential to avoid the host immune response, was observed. In addition, isolates of ST652111A showed higher ability to produce biofilms than ST83811A or ST6211A, which may have contributed to the emergence of this PEN-resistant ST652111A genotype in the last few years. The emergence of penicillin-resistant 11A invasive variants of the highly successful ST156 clonal complex merits close monitoring. 相似文献
146.
A. Planas M. Juncosa A. Cayetano E. Querol 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》1992,37(5):583-589
Summary A new purification procedure for endo-\-1,3-1,4-d-glucanase from Bacillus licheniformis is described. The secreted enzyme was purified both from B. licheniformis and from recombinant Escherichia coli harbouring the cloned gene by ion exchange chromatography on a CM-Sepharose matrix at pH 5.6. The mature enzyme was resistant to proteolysis by trypsin and chymotrypsin but it was slowly digested by protease V8. It showed a continuous trimming where no large-limit polypeptides were noticeable thus supporting a monodomain structure. Former appearing peptides have been assigned theoretically according to the protein sequence and predictive methods of accessible areas. Kinetic parameters for the hydrolysis of barley \-glucan and lichenan by measuring the net release of reducing sugars at the optimum pH (7.02) and temperature (55° C) are k
cat=3500 ±800 s–1 (turnover number) and K
m=1.45±0.21 mg/ml for barley \-glucan and k
cat=3000±750 s–1 and K
m=1.98±0.40 mg/ml for lichenan.
Correspondence to: E. Querol 相似文献
147.
148.
149.
Alexandrium taylori Balech is a phototrophic marine dinoflagellate. It produced recurrent blooms during the summer months (July and August) of 1994 to 1997 in La Fosca beach (NW Mediterranean). In addition to a motile vegetative form, A. taylori had two benthic forms: temporary cysts and resting cysts. Temporary cysts were a temporally quiescent stage produced from the ecdysis of the vegetative cell in both natural populations and laboratory cultures. Temporary cysts may divide to form motile cells. Resting cysts had a thicker wall than the temporary cysts and had a red accumulation body. Gametes and planozygotes were also observed in laboratory cultures. Alexandrium taylori showed in situ diurnal vertical migration with an increase of vegetative cells in the water column in the morning through midday, with concentrations peaking in the afternoon followed by lower levels at night. Most vegetative cells lost their thecae and flagella, and with them their motility, turning into temporary cysts that settled in the early evening. The number of temporary cysts in the water column rose in the evening and at night. The temporary cysts gave rise to motile cells the following morning. Synthesis of DNA occurred in vegetative cells at night, and a preferential period of cell division occurred at sunrise. The estimated division rate in the field was 0.4–0.5 vegetative cells·day−1 . Temporary cysts had twice the DNA of a G1 vegetative cell. The minimum in situ division rate of the temporary cysts was 0.14 day−1 . The role of the resting and temporary cyst population in the annual recurrence and maintenance of the A. taylori bloom is discussed. 相似文献
150.