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91.
Mould AP Symonds EJ Buckley PA Grossmann JG McEwan PA Barton SJ Askari JA Craig SE Bella J Humphries MJ 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2003,278(41):39993-39999
The structural basis of the interaction of integrin heterodimers with their physiological ligands is poorly understood. We have used solution x-ray scattering to visualize the head region of integrin alpha 5 beta 1 in an inactive (Ca2+-occupied) state, and in complex with a fragment of fibronectin containing the RGD and synergy recognition sequences. Shape reconstructions of the data have been interpreted in terms of appropriate molecular models. The scattering data suggest that the head region undergoes no gross conformational changes upon ligand binding but do lend support to a proposed outward movement of the hybrid domain in the beta subunit. Fibronectin is observed to bind across the top of the head region, which contains an alpha subunit beta-propeller and a beta subunit vWF type A domain. The model of the complex indicates that the synergy region binds on the side of the beta-propeller domain. In support of this suggestion, mutagenesis of a prominent loop region on the side of the propeller identifies two residues (Tyr208 and Ile210) involved in recognition of the synergy region. Our data provide the first view of a complex between an integrin and a macromolecular ligand in solution, at a nominal resolution of approximately 10 A. 相似文献
92.
Ball S Bella J Kielty C Shuttleworth A 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2003,278(17):15326-15332
We have determined the interactive sites required for dimer formation in type VI collagen. Despite the fact that type VI collagen is a heterotrimer composed of alpha1(VI), alpha2(VI), and alpha3(VI) chains, the formation of dimers is determined principally by interactions of the alpha2(VI) chain. Key components of this interaction are the metal ion-dependent adhesion site (MIDAS) motif of the alpha2C2 A-domain and the GER sequence in the helical domain of another alpha2(VI) chain. Replacement of the alpha2(VI) C2 domain with the alpha3(VI) domain abolished dimer formation, whereas alterations in the alpha2(VI) C1 domain did not disrupt dimer formation. When the helical sequences were investigated, replacement of the alpha2(VI) sequence GSPGERGDQ with the alpha3(VI) sequence GEKGERGDV abolished dimer formation. Mutating the Pro-108 to a Lys-108 in this alpha2(VI) sequence did not influence dimer formation and suggests that, unlike the integrin I-domain/triple-helix interaction, hydroxyproline is not required in collagen VI A-domain/helix interaction. These results demonstrate that the alpha2(VI) chain position in the assembled triple-helical molecule is critical for antiparallel dimer formation and identify the interacting collagenous and MIDAS sequences involved. These interactions underpin the subsequent assembly of type VI collagen. 相似文献
93.
Daniel Cazorla Neus Ferrer-Miralles Jordi X. Feliu Xavier Carbonell Antonio Villaverde 《Biotechnology letters》2001,23(10):831-838
During growth of recombinant bacteria, irregular plasmid partitioning generates non-productive, plasmid-free cells whose proportion usually increases in the culture. For Escherichia coli producing engineered -galactosidases, we have shown a coincidence between plasmid stability and the extension of white/blue areas within individual colonies on X-gal plates. In this context, a good correlation between plasmid permanence in colonies and parameters accurately describing the dynamics of plasmid-free cell population in liquid cultures has been observed. Moreover, the impact of lacZ gene engineering and the metabolic burden imposed by the encoded proteins has been evaluated through plasmid stability by simple image analysis, revealing an enhanced plasmid loss rate as the cells enter into the stationary phase that is modulated by the expression of particular recombinant genes. 相似文献
94.
The Interaction of Gibberellins and Photoperiod in the Control of Potato Tuberization 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Martínez-García JF García-Martínez JL Bou J Prat S 《Journal of Plant Growth Regulation》2001,20(4):377-386
Solanum tuberosum ssp. andigena plants require a short-day (SD) photoperiod for tuber formation, a process that is also affected by gibberellins (GAs). Grafting experiments have confirmed that the photoperiod is perceived in the leaves. Tuber formation, however, usually takes place in the underground stolons. In this review, photoperiod-dependent tuberization has been divided into five chronological events: SD photoperiod perception, short-term adaptive responses to SD conditions, generation and transport of tuber-inducing signal(s), tuber formation, and long-term adaptive responses to tuber growth. Within this frame of study, the interaction of GAs and photoperiod is revised. Similar to the flowering process in Arabidopsis, we suggest the existence of two independent pathways that control tuber formation: a photoperiod-dependent pathway and a GA-dependent pathway. Nevertheless, photoperiod-dependent tuber formation requires the action of GAs at specific stages to orchestrate this complex process of development. 相似文献
95.
Morphogenesis of the Drosophila tracheal system relies on different signalling pathways that have distinct roles in specifying both the migration of the tracheal cells and the particular morphological features of the primary branches. The current view is that the tracheal cells are initially specified as an equivalent group of cells whose diversification depends on signals from the surrounding cells. In this work, we show that the tracheal primordia are already specified as distinct dorsal and ventral cell populations. This subdivision depends on the activity of the spalt (sal) gene and occurs prior to the activity of the signalling pathways that dictate the development of the primary branches. Finally, we show that the specification of these two distinct cell populations, which are not defined by cell lineage, are critical for proper tracheal patterning. These results indicate that tracheal patterning depends not only on signalling from surrounding cells but also in the different response of the tracheal cells depending on their allocation to the dorsal or ventral domains. 相似文献
96.
97.
Ouanounou G Malo M Stinnakre J Kreger AS Molgo J 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2002,277(42):39119-39127
Trachynilysin, a protein toxin isolated from the venom of the stonefish Synanceia trachynis, has been reported to elicit massive acetylcholine release from motor nerve endings of isolated neuromuscular preparations and to increase both cytosolic Ca2+ and catecholamine release from chromaffin cells. In the present study, we used the patch clamp technique to investigate the effect of trachynilysin on the cytoplasmic membrane of differentiated NG108-15 cells in culture. Trachynilysin increased membrane conductance the most when the negativity of the cell holding membrane potential was reduced. The trachynilysin-induced current was carried by cations and reversed at about -3 mV in standard physiological solutions, which led to strong membrane depolarization and Ca2+ influx. La3+ blocked the trachynilysin current in a dose-, voltage-, and time-dependent manner, and antibodies raised against the toxin antagonized its effect on the cell membrane. The inside-out configuration of the patch clamp technique allowed the recording of single channel activity from which various multiples of 22 pS elementary conductance were resolved. These results indicate that trachynilysin forms pores in the NG108-15 cell membrane, and they advance our understanding of the toxin's mode of action on motor nerve endings and neurosecretory cells. 相似文献
98.
Marco S Saura J Pérez-Navarro E José Martí M Tolosa E Alberch J 《Journal of neurobiology》2002,52(4):343-351
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family members have been proposed as candidates for the treatment of Parkinson's disease because they protect nigral dopaminergic neurons against various types of insult. However, the efficiency of these factors depends on the availability of their receptors after damage. We evaluated the changes in the expression of c-Ret, GFRalpha1, and GFRalpha2 in the substantia nigra pars compacta in a rat model of Parkinson's disease by in situ hybridization. Intrastriatal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) transiently increased c-Ret and GFRalpha1 mRNA levels in the substantia nigra pars compacta at 1 day postlesion. At later time points, 3 and 6 days, the expression of c-Ret and GFRalpha1 was downregulated. GFRalpha2 expression was differentially regulated, as it decreased only 6 days after 6-OHDA injection. Triple-labeling studies, using in situ hybridization for the GDNF family receptors and immunohistochemistry for neuronal or glial cell markers, showed that changes in the expression of c-Ret, GFRalpha1, and GFRalpha2 in the substantia nigra pars compacta were localized to neurons. In conclusion, our results show that nigral neurons differentially regulate the expression of GDNF family receptors as a transient and compensatory response to 6-OHDA lesion. 相似文献
99.
Critical residues for structure and catalysis in short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
Filling C Berndt KD Benach J Knapp S Prozorovski T Nordling E Ladenstein R Jörnvall H Oppermann U 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2002,277(28):25677-25684
Short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases form a large, evolutionarily old family of NAD(P)(H)-dependent enzymes with over 60 genes found in the human genome. Despite low levels of sequence identity (often 10-30%), the three-dimensional structures display a highly similar alpha/beta folding pattern. We have analyzed the role of several conserved residues regarding folding, stability, steady-state kinetics, and coenzyme binding using bacterial 3beta/17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and selected mutants. Structure determination of the wild-type enzyme at 1.2-A resolution by x-ray crystallography and docking analysis was used to interpret the biochemical data. Enzyme kinetic data from mutagenetic replacements emphasize the critical role of residues Thr-12, Asp-60, Asn-86, Asn-87, and Ala-88 in coenzyme binding and catalysis. The data also demonstrate essential interactions of Asn-111 with active site residues. A general role of its side chain interactions for maintenance of the active site configuration to build up a proton relay system is proposed. This extends the previously recognized catalytic triad of Ser-Tyr-Lys residues to form a tetrad of Asn-Ser-Tyr-Lys in the majority of characterized short-chain dehydrogenases/reductase enzymes. 相似文献
100.
We introduce a model for the dynamics of a patchy population in a stochastic environment and derive a criterion for its persistence. This criterion is based on the geometric mean (GM) through time of the spatial-arithmetic mean of growth rates. For the population to persist, the GM has to be >/=1. The GM increases with the number of patches (because the sampling error is reduced) and decreases with both the variance and the spatial covariance of growth rates. We derive analytical expressions for the minimum number of patches (and the maximum harvesting rate) required for the persistence of the population. As the magnitude of environmental fluctuations increases, the number of patches required for persistence increases, and the fraction of individuals that can be harvested decreases. The novelty of our approach is that we focus on Malthusian local population dynamics with high dispersal and strong environmental variability from year to year. Unlike previous models of patchy populations that assume an infinite number of patches, we focus specifically on the effect that the number of patches has on population persistence. Our work is therefore directly relevant to patchily distributed organisms that are restricted to a small number of habitat patches. 相似文献