Explanations for the acclimation period preceding the mineralization of organic chemicals in aquatic environments

A study was conducted of possible reasons for acclimation of microbial communities to the mineralization of organic compounds in lake water and sewage. The acclimation period for the mineralization of 2 ng of p-nitrophenol (PNP) or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid per ml of sewage was eliminated when the sewage was incubated for 9 or 16 days, respectively, with no added substrate. The acclimation period for the mineralization of 2 ng but not 200 ng or 2 micrograms of PNP per ml was eliminated when the compound was added to lake water that had been first incubated in the laboratory. Mineralization of PNP by Flavobacterium sp. was detected within 7 h at concentrations of 20 ng/ml to 2 micrograms/ml but only after 25 h at 2 ng/ml. PNP-utilizing organisms began to multiply logarithmically after 1 day in lake water amended with 2 micrograms of PNP per ml, but substrate disappearance was only detected at 8 days, at which time the numbers were approaching 10(5) cells per ml. The addition of inorganic nutrients reduced the length of the acclimation period from 6 to 3 days in sewage and from 6 days to 1 day in lake water. The prior degradation of natural organic materials in the sewage and lake water had no effect on the acclimation period for the mineralization of PNP, and naturally occurring inhibitors that might delay the mineralization were not present. The length of the acclimation phase for the mineralization of 2 ng of PNP per ml was shortened when the protozoa in sewage were suppressed by eucaryotic inhibitors, but it was unaffected or increased if the inhibitors were added to lake water.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Isolation and cross-sensitivity of X-ray-sensitive mutants of V79-4 hamster cells

The V79-4 Chinese hamster line was mutagenized and surviving clones screened for X-ray sensitivity using a replica microwell technique. One slightly sensitive clone and 3 clearly sensitive clones were isolated from approximately 5000 screened, and designated irs 1 to irs 4. The 3 more sensitive clones showed different responses to the genotoxic agents mitomycin C (MMC), ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) and ultraviolet light (UV). irs 1 showed considerable sensitivity to all the agents tested, in the order MMC much greater than EMS greater than UV. irs 2 and irs 3 had similar sensitivities to EMS and to UV (EMS greater than UV) but irs 3 was more sensitive than irs 2 to MMC. None of these mutants is identical in phenotype to previously published mutants.     

Optimizing the expression of chimeric genes in plant cells

Summary The Serratia marcescens chiA gene encodes a secreted chitinase activity which contributes to the fungal growth inhibition exhibited by this bacterium. The coding region from the chiA gene was fused to the promoter and 3 polyadenylation region of the Agrobacterium nopaline synthase gene. Site-directed mutagenesis of specific nucleotides surrounding the initiating AUG of the coding sequence of this chimeric gene resulted in up to an eight-fold increase in the amount of chitinase protein detected in transformed plant tissue. Analysis of the chiA mRNA indicated that these nucleotides also affected mRNA levels. At least 50% of the chitinase protein produced in transformed tobacco cells was the same molecular weight as the S. marcescen secreted protein.     

Different subfamilies of alphoid repetitive DNA are present on the human and chimpanzee homologous chromosomes 21 and 22.

The alphoid repeat DNA on chimpanzee chromosome 22 was compared with alphoid repeat DNA on its human homologue, chromosome 21. Hybridization of different alphoid probes under various conditions of stringency show that the alphoid repeats of chimpanzee chromosome 22 are not closely related to those of human chromosome 21. Sequence analysis of cloned dimer and tetramer EcoRI fragments from chimpanzee chromosome 22 confirm the low overall level of homology, but reveal the presence of several nucleotide changes which are exclusive to the chromosome 21 subfamily of human alphoid DNA. Southern blot analysis of alphoid repeat DNA on the chimpanzee X chromosome suggests this subfamily has been strongly conserved during and since the separation of chimpanzee and man although the two subfamilies can be distinguished on the basis of Taq I restriction fragments.     

Escherichia coli mutants resistant to uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation

Two mutant strains of Escherichia coli K 12 Doc-S resistant to the uncoupling agents 4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-2-trifluoromethyl benzimidazole and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone were isolated. These strains, designated TUV and CUV, were capable of (a) growth, (b) the transport of succinate and L-proline and (c) electron-transport-linked oxidative synthesis of ATP in the presence of titres of uncoupler which inhibited these processes in strain Doc-S. The inhibition of transport of L-proline by a fixed titre of uncoupler was sharply pH dependent in strain Doc-S: uptake was unaffected at pH 7.6 but completely inhibited at pH 5.6. This pH dependence was not shown by the resistant strains. We believe that uncouplers were equally accessible to their site(s) of action in the energy-conserving membrane of the sensitive and resistant strains. We conclude that uncoupler resistance in these strains of E. coli has arisen as a consequence of mutations which directly affect a specific site of uncoupler action within the cytoplasmic membrane, rather than as a consequence of a decrease in the permeability of cells to uncoupler.     

2-Phenylethylamine catabolism by Escherichia coli K12

Escherichia coli K12 grows on 2-phenylethylamine as sole carbon and energy source by converting it, via phenylacetaldehyde, to phenylacetic acid. Phenylacetaldehyde was formed by the action of an inducible amine oxidase and catalase activity was increased sixfold, presumably to ensure removal of the H2O2 that was expected to be a product of the amine oxidation. The phenylacetaldehyde was oxidized to phenylacetic acid by an inducible NAD+-dependent dehydrogenase. Mutants defective in phenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenase cannot grow on 2-phenylethylamine as carbon and energy source but can still use it as a nitrogen source.     

Clinical hypersensitivity to specific aerosol challenge in parenterally immunized calves.

This paper reports an experiment designed to demonstrate that the calf lung can be sensitized to a specific respirable challenge following parenteral immunization with a nonliving antigen (human serum albumin). The possibility that immune-mediated injury could subsequently interfere with nonspecific mucosal defenses was also investigated by infecting calves with Pasteurella haemolytica after the antigen challenge and assessing pulmonary clearance of the organism. The results indicated that specific aerosol challenge produces reversible signs of respiratory hypersensitivity and that persistence of incidental infection in the upper respiratory tract is potentiated. Since the calves were sensitized by an immunization regime which imitated conventional vaccination, this study highlights the potential dangers of inactivated parenteral respiratory vaccines.     

Association of viral and plasmid DNA with the nuclear matrix during productive infection

The association of simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA or plasmid DNA in subcellular fractions from either infected or transfected cells was examined. In lytically infected cells, approx. 25% of viral specific DNA during the infection cycle was retained in nuclei after washing with low ionic strength buffer and 1% Triton X-100. Viral replicating DNA found in the nuclear matrix was capable of performing limited DNA synthesis by the endogenous DNA polymerase in vitro. Viral DNA synthesized in vitro hybridized preferentially to SV40 Hind-III B and C fragments which are in proximity to the origin of replication. In plasmid-transfected COS-7 cells (SV40-transformed cells), the amount of plasmid DNA found in the nuclear matrix was related to its replication efficiency in cells. More than 80% of the plasmid DNA was tightly associated with subnuclear structures. Little or no plasmid DNA was found in the cytoplasmic fraction. The results suggest that, in extrachromosomal model systems, the association of DNA with nuclear matrix is important for the regulation of DNA replication.     

The effect of a chemical deterrent, released from the frass of caterpillars of the garden pebble moth, on cabbage root fly oviposition

The cabbage root fly, Delia radicum (L.), was deterred from laying eggs on cauliflower plants that had been sprayed with a suspension of the frass of caterpillars of the garden pebble moth, Evergestis forficalis (L.). Polar extracts of the frass deterred oviposition irrespective of the cruciferous plant species on which the caterpillars had been feeding. Non-polar extracts of the frass had no effect. Spraying plants with macerates from Brassica leaves stimulated fly oviposition whereas spraying plants with macerates from garlic mustard leaves deterred fly oviposition. Macerates from the leaves of all other plants tested had no effect. In field experiments the deterrent effect persisted 2–3 days after leaves were sprayed with frass extracts. Plants infested with feeding caterpillars and contaminated with only a few discrete frass pellets were as deterrent to the fly as those sprayed with frass suspensions.

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Résumé D. radicum a évité de pondre sur des pieds de chou-fleur, qui avaient été pulvérisés avec une suspension d'excréments d'E. forficalis. Les extraits polaires de ces excréments empêchent la ponte quelle que soit l'espère de crucifère sur laquelle les chenilles se sont alimentées. Les extraits non polares sont sans effet. Dans la nature, l'action dissuadante persiste 2 à 3 jours après la pulvérisation des feuilles avec les extraits d'excréments. La pulvérisation tous les deux jours a maintenu l'action dissuadante. Des plantes contaminées par des chenilles en train de s'alimenter et souillées par quelques crottes sont aussi dissuadantes pour la mouche que celles pulvérisées avec une suspension d'excréments.