全文获取类型
收费全文 | 22208篇 |
免费 | 2216篇 |
国内免费 | 8篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 96篇 |
2022年 | 227篇 |
2021年 | 495篇 |
2020年 | 300篇 |
2019年 | 332篇 |
2018年 | 407篇 |
2017年 | 352篇 |
2016年 | 589篇 |
2015年 | 1008篇 |
2014年 | 1089篇 |
2013年 | 1243篇 |
2012年 | 1637篇 |
2011年 | 1751篇 |
2010年 | 1105篇 |
2009年 | 940篇 |
2008年 | 1282篇 |
2007年 | 1251篇 |
2006年 | 1205篇 |
2005年 | 1020篇 |
2004年 | 1132篇 |
2003年 | 988篇 |
2002年 | 972篇 |
2001年 | 231篇 |
2000年 | 182篇 |
1999年 | 249篇 |
1998年 | 271篇 |
1997年 | 157篇 |
1996年 | 142篇 |
1995年 | 151篇 |
1994年 | 149篇 |
1993年 | 167篇 |
1992年 | 167篇 |
1991年 | 152篇 |
1990年 | 148篇 |
1989年 | 127篇 |
1988年 | 114篇 |
1987年 | 118篇 |
1986年 | 112篇 |
1985年 | 124篇 |
1984年 | 121篇 |
1983年 | 104篇 |
1982年 | 135篇 |
1981年 | 115篇 |
1980年 | 122篇 |
1979年 | 102篇 |
1978年 | 101篇 |
1977年 | 103篇 |
1976年 | 94篇 |
1974年 | 107篇 |
1973年 | 93篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
941.
Manuel J. Steinbauer Richard Field John‐Arvid Grytnes Panayiotis Trigas Claudine Ah‐Peng Fabio Attorre H. John B. Birks Paulo A. V. Borges Pedro Cardoso Chang‐Hung Chou Michele De Sanctis Miguel M. de Sequeira Maria C. Duarte Rui B. Elias José María Fernández‐Palacios Rosalina Gabriel Roy E. Gereau Rosemary G. Gillespie Josef Greimler David E. V. Harter Tsurng‐Juhn Huang Severin D. H. Irl Daniel Jeanmonod Anke Jentsch Alistair S. Jump Christoph Kueffer Sandra Nogué Rüdiger Otto Jonathan Price Maria M. Romeiras Dominique Strasberg Tod Stuessy Jens‐Christian Svenning Ole R. Vetaas Carl Beierkuhnlein 《Global Ecology and Biogeography》2016,25(9):1097-1107
942.
Introducing an algal carbon‐concentrating mechanism into higher plants: location and incorporation of key components
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Plant biotechnology journal》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Nicky Atkinson Doreen Feike Luke C. M. Mackinder Moritz T. Meyer Howard Griffiths Martin C. Jonikas Alison M. Smith Alistair J. McCormick 《Plant biotechnology journal》2016,14(5):1302-1315
Many eukaryotic green algae possess biophysical carbon‐concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) that enhance photosynthetic efficiency and thus permit high growth rates at low CO2 concentrations. They are thus an attractive option for improving productivity in higher plants. In this study, the intracellular locations of ten CCM components in the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were confirmed. When expressed in tobacco, all of these components except chloroplastic carbonic anhydrases CAH3 and CAH6 had the same intracellular locations as in Chlamydomonas. CAH6 could be directed to the chloroplast by fusion to an Arabidopsis chloroplast transit peptide. Similarly, the putative inorganic carbon (Ci) transporter LCI1 was directed to the chloroplast from its native location on the plasma membrane. CCP1 and CCP2 proteins, putative Ci transporters previously reported to be in the chloroplast envelope, localized to mitochondria in both Chlamydomonas and tobacco, suggesting that the algal CCM model requires expansion to include a role for mitochondria. For the Ci transporters LCIA and HLA3, membrane location and Ci transport capacity were confirmed by heterologous expression and H14CO3‐ uptake assays in Xenopus oocytes. Both were expressed in Arabidopsis resulting in growth comparable with that of wild‐type plants. We conclude that CCM components from Chlamydomonas can be expressed both transiently (in tobacco) and stably (in Arabidopsis) and retargeted to appropriate locations in higher plant cells. As expression of individual Ci transporters did not enhance Arabidopsis growth, stacking of further CCM components will probably be required to achieve a significant increase in photosynthetic efficiency in this species. 相似文献
943.
944.
Allen Herbst Jonathan Wanagat Nashwa Cheema Kevin Widjaja Debbie McKenzie Judd M. Aiken 《Aging cell》2016,15(6):1132-1139
With age, somatically derived mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletion mutations arise in many tissues and species. In skeletal muscle, deletion mutations clonally accumulate along the length of individual fibers. At high intrafiber abundances, these mutations disrupt individual cell respiration and are linked to the activation of apoptosis, intrafiber atrophy, breakage, and necrosis, contributing to fiber loss. This sequence of molecular and cellular events suggests a putative mechanism for the permanent loss of muscle fibers with age. To test whether mtDNA deletion mutation accumulation is a significant contributor to the fiber loss observed in aging muscle, we pharmacologically induced deletion mutation accumulation. We observed a 1200% increase in mtDNA deletion mutation‐containing electron transport chain‐deficient muscle fibers, an 18% decrease in muscle fiber number and 22% worsening of muscle mass loss. These data affirm the hypothesized role for mtDNA deletion mutation in the etiology of muscle fiber loss at old age. 相似文献
945.
946.
947.
Varun C. Anipindi Puja Bagri Kristy Roth Sara E. Dizzell Philip V. Nguyen Christopher R. Shaler Derek K. Chu Rodrigo Jiménez-Saiz Hong Liang Stephanie L. Swift Aisha Nazli Jessica K. Kafka Jonathan Bramson Zhou Xing Manel Jordana Yonghong Wan Denis P. Snider Martin R. Stampfli Charu Kaushic 《PLoS pathogens》2016,12(6)
948.
Shefali Setia Verma Jessica N. Cooke Bailey Anastasia Lucas Yuki Bradford James G. Linneman Michael A. Hauser Louis R. Pasquale Peggy L. Peissig Murray H. Brilliant Catherine A. McCarty Jonathan L. Haines Janey L. Wiggs Tamara R. Vrabec Gerard Tromp Marylyn D. Ritchie eMERGE Network NEIGHBOR Consortium 《PLoS genetics》2016,12(9)
Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is a complex disease and is one of the major leading causes of blindness worldwide. Genome-wide association studies have successfully identified several common variants associated with glaucoma; however, most of these variants only explain a small proportion of the genetic risk. Apart from the standard approach to identify main effects of variants across the genome, it is believed that gene-gene interactions can help elucidate part of the missing heritability by allowing for the test of interactions between genetic variants to mimic the complex nature of biology. To explain the etiology of glaucoma, we first performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on glaucoma case-control samples obtained from electronic medical records (EMR) to establish the utility of EMR data in detecting non-spurious and relevant associations; this analysis was aimed at confirming already known associations with glaucoma and validating the EMR derived glaucoma phenotype. Our findings from GWAS suggest consistent evidence of several known associations in POAG. We then performed an interaction analysis for variants found to be marginally associated with glaucoma (SNPs with main effect p-value <0.01) and observed interesting findings in the electronic MEdical Records and GEnomics Network (eMERGE) network dataset. Genes from the top epistatic interactions from eMERGE data (Likelihood Ratio Test i.e. LRT p-value <1e-05) were then tested for replication in the NEIGHBOR consortium dataset. To replicate our findings, we performed a gene-based SNP-SNP interaction analysis in NEIGHBOR and observed significant gene-gene interactions (p-value <0.001) among the top 17 gene-gene models identified in the discovery phase. Variants from gene-gene interaction analysis that we found to be associated with POAG explain 3.5% of additional genetic variance in eMERGE dataset above what is explained by the SNPs in genes that are replicated from previous GWAS studies (which was only 2.1% variance explained in eMERGE dataset); in the NEIGHBOR dataset, adding replicated SNPs from gene-gene interaction analysis explain 3.4% of total variance whereas GWAS SNPs alone explain only 2.8% of variance. Exploring gene-gene interactions may provide additional insights into many complex traits when explored in properly designed and powered association studies. 相似文献
949.
950.
George G. Harrigan Tyamagondlu V. Venkatesh Mark Leibman Jonathan Blankenship Timothy Perez Steven Halls Alexander W. Chassy Oliver Fiehn Yun Xu Royston Goodacre 《Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society》2016,12(5):82