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David JR Araripe LO Chakir M Legout H Lemos B Pétavy G Rohmer C Joly D Moreteau B 《Journal of evolutionary biology》2005,18(4):838-846
The thermal range for viability is quite variable among Drosophila species and it has long been known that these variations are correlated with geographic distribution: temperate species are on average more cold tolerant but more heat sensitive than tropical species. At both ends of their viability range, sterile males have been observed in all species investigated so far. This symmetrical phenomenon restricts the temperature limits within which permanent cultures can be kept in the laboratory. Thermal heat sterility thresholds are very variable across species from 23 degrees C in heat sensitive species up to 31 degrees C in heat tolerant species. In Drosophila melanogaster, genetic variations are observed among geographic populations. Tropical populations are more tolerant to heat induced sterility and recover more rapidly than temperate ones. A genetic analysis revealed that about 50% of the difference observed between natural populations was due to the Y chromosome. Natural populations have not reached a selection limit, however: thermal tolerance was still increased by keeping strains at a high temperature, close to the sterility threshold. On the low temperature side, a symmetrical reverse phenomenon seems to exist: temperate populations are more tolerant to cold than tropical ones. Compared to Mammals, drosophilids exhibit two major differences: first, male sterility occurs not only at high temperature, but also at a low temperature; second, sterility thresholds are not evolutionarily constrained, but highly variable. Altogether, significant and sometimes major genetic variations have been observed between species, between geographic races of the same species, and even between strains kept in the laboratory under different thermal regimes. In each case, it is easily argued that the observed variations correspond to adaptations to climatic conditions, and that male sterility is a significant component of fitness and a target of natural selection. 相似文献
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Hélène Pereira Jean-François Martin Charlotte Joly Jean-Louis Sébédio Estelle Pujos-Guillot 《Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society》2010,6(2):207-218
In order to study the effect of a diet on metabolites found in body fluids such as plasma, we have developed and validated
a UPLC/MS method. While methods using NMR have been well established to analyse different biological tissues, recent studies
have described robust untargeted UPLC-MS methods for plasma analysis. One major concern when profiling plasma is the presence
of an important quantity of proteins which have to be precipitated without any loss of metabolites prior to LC/MS analysis.
The utilization of untargeted approaches in nutritional metabolomics still suffers from the lack of identification of specific
biomarkers. We therefore suggest an alternative method still using a global approach but focusing at the same time on metabolites
previously described in human plasma in order to detect biomarkers of metabolic dysregulations. Thus, to fulfil our objectives,
analytical parameters were tested (i) the anticoagulant type for sample collection, (ii) the protein precipitation method
and (iii) UPLC/MS analytical conditions. Three protein precipitation methods and two anticoagulants were tested and compared.
The method utilizing blood collection on heparin and methanol precipitation was chosen for giving the most reproducible results
while keeping the complexity of the sample. Finally, a validation was proposed to evaluate the stability of this analytical
method applied to a large batch of samples for nutritional metabolomic studies. 相似文献
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