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111.
Mutagenic activity of nine N,N-disubstituted hydrazines in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay.
P A Nielsen A Lagersted S Danielsen A A Jensen J Hart J C Larsen 《Mutation research》1992,278(4):215-226
The mutagenic activity of N,N-dimethyl-, N,N-diethyl-, N,N-dibutyl-, N,N-diisobutyl-, N,N-di(p-tolyl)-, N-ethyl-N-phenyl-, N,N-dibenzyl-, N,N-diphenyl- and N,N-diisopropylhydrazine was examined in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay using the strains TA1535, TA1537, TA97, TA98, TA100, TA102 and TA1530. All nine hydrazines were mutagenic in at least one tester strain, although of borderline significance for some of the compounds. The mutagenic potencies of the hydrazines varied 2-3 orders of magnitude, from very weak to moderate mutagenic activity. In general, the addition of S9 resulted in a lowering of the mutagenic activity and a lowering of the toxic properties of the hydrazines. The test results were relatively difficult to evaluate due to toxic effects of many of the test compounds on the test bacteria which may have resulted in an underestimation of the mutagenic potencies of some of the compounds. The pattern of mutagenic activity of the hydrazines in the different tester strains indicates that more than one mechanism of action may be involved in the mutagenicity. 相似文献
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Rudi Berera Ivo H.M. van Stokkum Sandrine d'Haene John T.M. Kennis Rienk van Grondelle Jan P. Dekker 《Biophysical journal》2009,96(6):2261-2267
When grown under a variety of stress conditions, cyanobacteria express the isiA gene, which encodes the IsiA pigment-protein complex. Overexpression of the isiA gene under iron-depletion stress conditions leads to the formation of large IsiA aggregates, which display remarkably short fluorescence lifetimes and thus a strong capacity to dissipate energy. In this work we investigate the underlying molecular mechanism responsible for chlorophyll fluorescence quenching. Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy allowed us to follow the process of energy dissipation in real time. The light energy harvested by chlorophyll pigments migrated within the system and eventually reaches a quenching site where the energy is transferred to a carotenoid-excited state, which dissipates it by decaying to the ground state. We compare these findings with those obtained for the main light-harvesting complex in green plants (light-harvesting complex II) and artificial light-harvesting antennas, and conclude that all of these systems show the same mechanism of energy dissipation, i.e., one or more carotenoids act as energy dissipators by accepting energy via low-lying singlet-excited S1 states and dissipating it as heat. 相似文献
114.
John E. Hobrough 《Hydrobiologia》1973,41(1):13-35
Two inlet streams, Rostherne Brook and the Southern Drain of Dolls Meadow, flowing into Rostherne Mere, Cheshire were sampled for macroinvertebrata, and their physical and chemical conditions analysed.The physical and chemical factors for these streams were similar, except for the stream beds and the pollution of Rostherne Brook. Both streams had large populations of Gammarus pulex and the life history of this organism was studied. The ratio of adult organism to juvenile diflered in the two streams, Rostherne Brook having a higher proportion of adults in winter and juveniles in summer as opposed to the Southern Drain in which a normal life history was exhibited.Experiments showed that these differences were not related to differences in stream bed conditions. It was considered that the different adult to juvenile ratios were therefore caused by pollution in Rostherne Brook. The juveniles were more tolerant to pollution and therefore more able to survive the summer when pollution effects were at a maximum.The life history was altered in Rostherne Brook by pollution. Instead of the dual life history produced by overwintering juveniles and speedy summer maturation, a simple alternation of juveniles and adults was seen.This change in life history enabled Gammarus to survive in the polluted waters of Rostherne Brook.
Resume Deux débouchés de ruisseaux, Rostherne Brook et le Southern Drain de Doll's Meadow, qui coulent tous les deux dans le lac de Rostherne dans le Cheshire, ont été échantillonnés pour y trouver des macroinvertébrés, et pour en analyser les conditions physiques et chimiques.On a trouvé semblables les éléments physiques et chimiques de ces ruisseaux, à l'exception du lit des deux ruisseaux et de la pollution de Rostherne Brook.Les deux ruisseaux avaient une population nombreuse de Gammarus pulex dont on a étudié le cycle d'évolution. On a trouvé une proportion différente d'organismes adultes et jeunes dans les deux ruisseaux: Rotherne Brook a une plus grande proportion d'adultes en hiver et de jeunes en été, pendant que Southern Drain montre un cycle normal des organismes.Des expériences ont prouvés que ces différences n'avaient aucun rapport à des différences de conditions du lit des ruisseaux. On a considéré que la pollution de Rostherne Brook a donc causé les proportions différentes d'adultes et de jeunes. Les jeunes toléraient mieux la pollution et pouvaient donc mieux survivre à l'été quand les effets de la pollution étaient au maximum.Le cycle d'évolution était changé dans Rostherne Brook par la pollution. Au lieu du double cycle d'évolution produit par les jeunes qui passaient l'hiver et par un développement rapide en été, on a découvert uniquement l'alternation de jeunes et d'adultes.Ce changement du cycle d'évolution a permis au Gammarus de survivre dans les eaux corrumpues de Rostherne Brook.相似文献
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John Bower 《Evolutionary anthropology》1995,4(4):130-139
The study of early food production in sub-Saharan Africa is at least as challenging as it is rewarding. Problems arise in large degree from the scarcity of relevant archeological material, particularly the remains of domesticated plants from prehistoric sites. This is attributable to several factors, including poor preservation, difficulties in recovering such material, and the limited amount of work so far invested in obtaining it. But, problems notwithstanding, fresh data and new methodological approaches have revealed aspects of early African food production that are interesting in themselves, as well as in global perspective. For example, contrary to what occurred in most other parts of the world, livestock herding in Africa often predated the earliest evidence of cultivation of domesticated plants. Moreover, the initial spread of food production throughout much of sub-Saharan Africa was accompanied by iron, rather than lithic, technology. This overview of current knowledge about early African food production is aimed at highlighting developmental patterns while also exposing limitations in our understanding of these patterns. Because of Africa's vast size, uniform coverage in reasonable depth of all parts of the continent is not possible. Thus, for example, I will not explicitly cover the complex neolithic record from Africa's Mediterranean region. Instead, I will generally concentrate on bodies of data and lines of investigation that characterize distinctive features of the African version of initial steps in raising crops and animals. 相似文献