Biodegradation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene byPhanerochaete chrysosporium: Identification of initial degradation products and the discovery of a TNT metabolite that inhibits lignin peroxidases

Biodegradation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) by the wood-rotting BasidiomycetePhanerochaete chrysosporium was studied in a fixed-film silicone membrane bioreactor and in agitated pellected cultures. The initial intermediate products of TNT biodegradation were shown to be 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2amDNT) and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4amDNT). These intermediates were also degraded byP. chrysosporium. However, their rates of degradation were slow and appeared to represent rate-limiting steps in TNT degradation. The fact that 2amDNT and 4amDNT were further degraded is of importance. In most other microbial systems these compounds are typically not further degraded or are dimerized to even more persistent azo and azoxydimers. Similar to previous studies performed in stationary cultures, it was shown that substantial amounts of [¹⁴C]-TNT were degrade to [¹⁴C]-carbon dioxide in agitated pelleted cultures. Lignin peroxidase activity (assayed by veratryl alcohol oxidation) virtually disappeared upon addition of TNT to ligninolytic cultures ofP. chrysosporium. However, TNT, 2amDNT, and 4amDNT did not inhibit lignin peroxidase activity, nor were they substrates for this enzyme. Subsequent studies revealed that 4-hydroxylamino-2,6-dinitrotoluene, an intermediate in TNT reduction, was a potent lignin peroxidase inhibitor. Further studies revealed that this compound was also a substrate for lignin peroxidase H8.     

α-MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONE: A POSSIBLE NEURONAL MARKER OF THE AGEING BRAIN

Abstract— The amount of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) in the entire hypothalamus as well as the amount of α-MSH in free granule and synaptosome fractions of hypothalamic homogenates was investigated throughout the lifespan of female rats (1-24 months). A 900 g supernatant fluid was prepared from hypothalami following homogenization in an iso-osmotic sucrose solution, and free granules and synaptosomes containing α-MSH were fractionated by means of continuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation. α-MSH was quantified by radioimmunoassay. The total amount of α-MSH in the hypothalamus, as well as the amount in free granules and synaptosomes prepared from hypothalami increased progressively from the 1st to the 5th month of life, and this increase was more pronounced in the free granules than in the synaptosomes. On the other hand, the amount of α-MSH in the hypothalamus and the amount present in free granules and synaptosomes prepared from 5-24-month-old animals decreased with age, and this decrease appeared to proceed at similar rates in both subcellular compartments. Based on these results, it is suggested that ageing of α-MSH neurons in the hypothalamus is accompanied by a degeneration of the axons and/or an alteration in the biosynthetic and degradative activities of the neuron.     

Effects of amino acids and derivatives of cyclic adenosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate on the production of three exoenzymes by Staphylococcus, simulans biovar staphylolyticus

The extracellular protease, endopeptidase, and hexosaminidase produced by $\text{Staphylococcus}\text{,}\text{simulans}\text{biovar}\text{staphylolyticus}$ were neither induced nor repressed by amino acids but required a tryptic digest of casein for their production. Catabolite repression of exoenzyme production by glucose was not affected by exogenous cyclic adenosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate but was partially relieved by di- or monobutyryl derivatives of this compound.     

The carpal tunnel syndrome as a probable primary deficiency of vitamin B6 rather than a deficiency of a dependency state

The mean basal specific activities and the mean % deficiencies of the activity of the glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase of the erythrocytes were identical (n.s.) for a group of eight patients with a severe carpal tunnel syndrome and for a group of eight university students. There was no significant difference in the increases in the specific activities for the patients and the students at 4 concentrations of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate. The apparent K_m for the patients and the students was 95 μM and 61 μM (n.s.) respectively. It is concluded from these data in conjunction with previous findings that the carpal tunnel syndrome is a deficiency disease of vitamin B₆, which is probably primary rather than one of a dependency state.     

Alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes in the mouse: Genetic regulation, allelic variation among inbred strains and sex differences of liver and kidney A2 isozyme activity

Genetic analysis of a proposed cis-acting temporal locus ( Adh-3t ), which regulates alcohol dehydrogenase C₂ (ADH-C₂) acitivity in mouse epididymis extracts, among F₁ (ddN × BALB/c) × ddN male backcross progeny provided evidence for genetic distinctness between the structural ( Adh-3 ) and temporal ( Adh-3t ) loci on chromosome 3. Genetic analysis also confirmed the close, linkage of Adh-1 (encoding liver and kidney ADH-A₂) and Adh-3 (encoding stomach ADH-C₂) to within 0.3 centimorgans on the mouse genome. Evidence is presented for a proposed closely linked cis-acting temporal locus (designated Adh-1t ) for the A₂ isozyme (encoded by Adh-1 ) controlling the activity of this enzyme in mouse kidney extracts, but having no apparent affect on liver and intestine ADH-A₂ activities. An extensive survey of the distribution of Adh-1, Adh-3 and Adh-3t alleles among 65 strains of mice is reported — with the exception of two Japanese strains (ddN and KF), linkage disequilibrium between Adh-3 and Adh-3t was observed. Sex differences in mouse liver and kidney ADH-A₂ activities were observed, with male/female ratios of approximately 0.6 and 3 respectively for these tissue extracts.     

A Mechanism of Energy Dissipation in Cyanobacteria

When grown under a variety of stress conditions, cyanobacteria express the isiA gene, which encodes the IsiA pigment-protein complex. Overexpression of the isiA gene under iron-depletion stress conditions leads to the formation of large IsiA aggregates, which display remarkably short fluorescence lifetimes and thus a strong capacity to dissipate energy. In this work we investigate the underlying molecular mechanism responsible for chlorophyll fluorescence quenching. Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy allowed us to follow the process of energy dissipation in real time. The light energy harvested by chlorophyll pigments migrated within the system and eventually reaches a quenching site where the energy is transferred to a carotenoid-excited state, which dissipates it by decaying to the ground state. We compare these findings with those obtained for the main light-harvesting complex in green plants (light-harvesting complex II) and artificial light-harvesting antennas, and conclude that all of these systems show the same mechanism of energy dissipation, i.e., one or more carotenoids act as energy dissipators by accepting energy via low-lying singlet-excited S₁ states and dissipating it as heat.     

The effects of pollution on Gammarus pulex (L) subsp,pulex (Schellenberg) in the inlet streams of Rostherne Mere,Cheshire

Two inlet streams, Rostherne Brook and the Southern Drain of Dolls Meadow, flowing into Rostherne Mere, Cheshire were sampled for macroinvertebrata, and their physical and chemical conditions analysed.The physical and chemical factors for these streams were similar, except for the stream beds and the pollution of Rostherne Brook. Both streams had large populations of Gammarus pulex and the life history of this organism was studied. The ratio of adult organism to juvenile diflered in the two streams, Rostherne Brook having a higher proportion of adults in winter and juveniles in summer as opposed to the Southern Drain in which a normal life history was exhibited.Experiments showed that these differences were not related to differences in stream bed conditions. It was considered that the different adult to juvenile ratios were therefore caused by pollution in Rostherne Brook. The juveniles were more tolerant to pollution and therefore more able to survive the summer when pollution effects were at a maximum.The life history was altered in Rostherne Brook by pollution. Instead of the dual life history produced by overwintering juveniles and speedy summer maturation, a simple alternation of juveniles and adults was seen.This change in life history enabled Gammarus to survive in the polluted waters of Rostherne Brook.

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Resume Deux débouchés de ruisseaux, Rostherne Brook et le Southern Drain de Doll's Meadow, qui coulent tous les deux dans le lac de Rostherne dans le Cheshire, ont été échantillonnés pour y trouver des macroinvertébrés, et pour en analyser les conditions physiques et chimiques.On a trouvé semblables les éléments physiques et chimiques de ces ruisseaux, à l'exception du lit des deux ruisseaux et de la pollution de Rostherne Brook.Les deux ruisseaux avaient une population nombreuse de Gammarus pulex dont on a étudié le cycle d'évolution. On a trouvé une proportion différente d'organismes adultes et jeunes dans les deux ruisseaux: Rotherne Brook a une plus grande proportion d'adultes en hiver et de jeunes en été, pendant que Southern Drain montre un cycle normal des organismes.Des expériences ont prouvés que ces différences n'avaient aucun rapport à des différences de conditions du lit des ruisseaux. On a considéré que la pollution de Rostherne Brook a donc causé les proportions différentes d'adultes et de jeunes. Les jeunes toléraient mieux la pollution et pouvaient donc mieux survivre à l'été quand les effets de la pollution étaient au maximum.Le cycle d'évolution était changé dans Rostherne Brook par la pollution. Au lieu du double cycle d'évolution produit par les jeunes qui passaient l'hiver et par un développement rapide en été, on a découvert uniquement l'alternation de jeunes et d'adultes.Ce changement du cycle d'évolution a permis au Gammarus de survivre dans les eaux corrumpues de Rostherne Brook.